{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214170334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","title":"A Low-Cost, Off-the-Shelf Quantum Key Distribution System With kbit/s Key Generation Rates","display_name":"A Low-Cost, Off-the-Shelf Quantum Key Distribution System With kbit/s Key Generation Rates","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214170334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210182817","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","issn_l":"2689-1808","issn":["2689-1808"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093089166","display_name":"Fabian Klingmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1592-1539","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1592-1539"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Klingmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1592-1539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130666776","display_name":"Kriti Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2955-4204","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2955-4204","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0648-9822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kriti Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2955-4204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072015800","display_name":"Mira Stephan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2325-4789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2325-4789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mira R. D. Stephan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2325-4789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147926828","display_name":"Max Haymann-Pohl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Haymann-Pohl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147324847","display_name":"Lorenz Reuschel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenz Reuschel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036588026","display_name":"Alexander Noack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3478-3605","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3478-3605"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Noack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061841812","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 Kirrbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6091-3635","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6091-3635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110247","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","ror":"https://ror.org/020n3fw10","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren\u00e9 Kirrbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6091-3635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052325086","display_name":"Jingzhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-5143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-5143"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingzhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz University Hannover"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz University Hannover","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152586272","display_name":"Dr. Fei Ding","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz University Hannover"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz University Hannover","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71791375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-off-the-shelf-components","display_name":"commercial off-the-shelf components","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation-rate","display_name":"key generation rate","score":0.8930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.6021999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210182817","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","issn_l":"2689-1808","issn":["2689-1808"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d3f9202067694f42b5b6ea886f9e4910","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d3f9202067694f42b5b6ea886f9e4910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, Vol 7, Pp 1-10 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tqe.2026.3733725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210182817","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","issn_l":"2689-1808","issn":["2689-1808"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530334302","https://openalex.org/W1991631412","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2022654677","https://openalex.org/W2036391309","https://openalex.org/W2047463679","https://openalex.org/W2071764857","https://openalex.org/W2103072081","https://openalex.org/W2121213780","https://openalex.org/W2122945788","https://openalex.org/W2165730505","https://openalex.org/W2281422122","https://openalex.org/W2978017537","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3045832196","https://openalex.org/W3162318070","https://openalex.org/W3165409847","https://openalex.org/W4362697823","https://openalex.org/W4388701285","https://openalex.org/W4392681068","https://openalex.org/W4404971856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3165409847","https://openalex.org/W2023258557","https://openalex.org/W2281422122","https://openalex.org/W4415907782","https://openalex.org/W4414828303","https://openalex.org/W2807454218","https://openalex.org/W7159619257","https://openalex.org/W2139024341","https://openalex.org/W2499289718","https://openalex.org/W7111449297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Commercial":[0],"quantum":[1],"key":[2,87],"distribution":[3],"(QKD)":[4],"systems":[5],"are":[6],"currently":[7],"very":[8,23],"expensive":[9],"and":[10,25,40,48,69,80],"usually":[11],"come":[12],"as":[13],"large":[14,41],"server":[15],"rack":[16],"components.":[17,74],"Thus,":[18],"their":[19],"application":[20],"is":[21,43,70,106],"still":[22],"limited":[24,108],"adoption":[26],"in":[27],"practical":[28],"implementations":[29],"has":[30],"not":[31,107],"happened":[32],"yet.":[33],"One":[34],"reason":[35],"for":[36,53],"the":[37,44,54,100,117],"high":[38],"price":[39],"size":[42],"use":[45],"of":[46,89,102],"high-end":[47],"custom-built":[49],"hardware.":[50,111,132],"We":[51],"present":[52],"first":[55],"time":[56],"a":[57,103,114],"QKD":[58,104,123],"system":[59,76,96,124],"that":[60,99,125],"runs":[61],"an":[62,120],"entire":[63],"BB84":[64],"protocol":[65,105],"on":[66,116],"two":[67],"microcontrollers":[68],"built":[71],"from":[72],"off-the-shelf":[73],"The":[75],"includes":[77],"polarization":[78],"compensation":[79],"postprocessing.":[81],"It":[82],"creates":[83],"secret":[84],"keys":[85],"at":[86],"rates":[88],"up":[90],"to":[91,109],"1.36":[92],"kbit/s.":[93],"With":[94],"this":[95],"we":[97],"show":[98],"execution":[101],"high-performance":[110],"This":[112],"marks":[113],"breakthrough":[115],"way":[118],"towards":[119],"affordable,":[121],"scalable":[122],"can":[126],"be":[127],"easily":[128],"integrated":[129],"into":[130],"existing":[131]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-24T09:50:30.924529","created_date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00"}
