{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214125697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","title":"Emotion Recognition From AI-Generated and Human Faces: Performance, Mental Health, and Demographic Diversity","display_name":"Emotion Recognition From AI-Generated and Human Faces: Performance, Mental Health, and Demographic Diversity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214125697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010293640","display_name":"Matthew James Vowels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8811-1156","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8811-1156"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew J Vowels","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8811-1156","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075645369","display_name":"Laura Marika Vowels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5594-2095","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5594-2095"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Marika Vowels","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.025299999862909317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-emotion-recognition","display_name":"facial emotion recognition","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-generated-faces","display_name":"AI-generated faces","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"mental health","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotic-like-experiences","display_name":"psychotic-like experiences","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obsessive-compulsive-symptoms","display_name":"obsessive-compulsive symptoms","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus-design","display_name":"stimulus design","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-emotions","display_name":"shared emotions","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-properties","display_name":"psychometric properties","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523747","display_name":"Expressed emotion","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq_v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq_v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq_v2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gp2jq","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411226783","https://openalex.org/W7104020781","https://openalex.org/W4415165924","https://openalex.org/W7203848071","https://openalex.org/W7160835122","https://openalex.org/W7222779752","https://openalex.org/W7018556279","https://openalex.org/W7158242488","https://openalex.org/W7135201342","https://openalex.org/W4399197845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"emotion-recognition":[1],"tasks":[2],"are":[3,28],"widely":[4],"used":[5,21],"to":[6,22,185],"investigate":[7],"social-cognitive":[8],"differences":[9,56,132,210],"across":[10],"mental":[11],"health":[12],"conditions,":[13],"but":[14],"theirscientific":[15],"value":[16],"depends":[17],"on":[18,138],"the":[19,51,84,89,130,192],"faces":[20,40,66],"measure":[23],"performance.":[24,186],"Established":[25],"photographic":[26],"databases":[27],"difficult":[29],"and":[30,33,46,109,119,148,158,166,172,222,243],"expensive":[31],"toexpand,":[32],"many":[34],"provide":[35],"little":[36],"ethnic":[37],"diversity.":[38],"AI-generated":[39,65],"offer":[41],"a":[42,231],"more":[43,104,177,240],"representative,":[44],"flexible,":[45],"scalable":[47],"alternative,provided":[48],"they":[49],"capture":[50],"same":[52],"clinically":[53],"relevant":[54],"individual":[55,131],"as":[57],"photographs":[58],"of":[59,216],"human":[60],"faces.":[61],"We":[62],"compared":[63],"161photorealistic":[64],"with":[67,145,151,154],"72":[68],"images":[69],"from":[70],"FACES,":[71],"an":[72],"established":[73],"human-photograph":[74],"set.":[75],"Prolific":[76],"participants":[77],"contributed83,206":[78],"valid":[79],"trials;":[80],"77,238":[81],"trials":[82],"covering":[83],"six":[85],"shared":[86],"emotions":[87],"entered":[88],"primary":[90],"comparison":[91],"(accuracy":[92],"\\textit{n}":[93,97],"=":[94,98,164],"1,047;":[95],"responsetime":[96],"1,046).":[99],"AI-diverse":[100,118,157],"expressions":[101,193],"were":[102,176,194],"recognised":[103],"accurately":[105],"(89.12\\%":[106],"vs.\\":[107,112],"81.72\\%)":[108],"faster":[110],"(2.29":[111],"2.64":[113],"s)":[114],"thanFACES":[115],"expressions,":[116,218],"while":[117,236],"AI-White":[120],"performance":[121],"did":[122],"not":[123,198],"differ":[124],"significantly.":[125],"The":[126,214],"AI":[127,188,228],"task":[128],"retained":[129],"needed":[133],"for":[134],"research:":[135],"lower":[136],"accuracy":[137,160,189],"both":[139],"sources":[140],"was":[141,170,183],"associated":[142],"most":[143],"consistently":[144],"psychotic-like":[146],"experiences":[147],"obsessive-compulsive":[149],"symptoms,":[150],"magnitudes":[152],"aligned":[153],"previous":[155],"literature.":[156],"FACES":[159],"correlated":[161],"at":[162],"\\textit{r}":[163],".56,":[165],"corrected":[167],"split-half":[168],"reliability":[169],".70":[171],".60,":[173],"respectively.":[174],"Women":[175],"accurate":[178],"than":[179],"men;":[180],"participant":[181],"ethnicity":[182],"unrelated":[184],"Higher":[187],"indicates":[190],"that":[191,226],"clear;":[195],"it":[196],"does":[197],"show":[199],"general":[200],"psychometric":[201],"superiority,":[202],"possibly":[203],"because":[204],"very":[205],"easy":[206],"items":[207],"can":[208,229],"compress":[209],"among":[211],"high":[212],"performers.":[213],"combination":[215],"clear":[217],"comparable":[219],"symptom":[220],"sensitivity,":[221],"broader":[223],"representation":[224],"shows":[225],"generative":[227],"modernise":[230],"core":[232],"social-cognition":[233],"research":[234],"tool":[235],"making":[237],"stimulus":[238],"design":[239],"controllable,":[241],"expandable,":[242],"shareable.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}
