{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214101896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.25356","title":"TelecomGPT-R1: Unified Post-Training for Reasoning Across Heterogeneous Telecom Tasks","display_name":"TelecomGPT-R1: Unified Post-Training for Reasoning Across Heterogeneous Telecom Tasks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214101896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.25356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.25356","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25356","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.25356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.25356","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148570539","display_name":"Bohao Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Bohao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148922121","display_name":"Chenwei Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Chenwei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101941197","display_name":"Hang Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-5038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-5038"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zou, Hang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126211700","display_name":"Yu Tian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024225018","display_name":"Lina Bariah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-1663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-1663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bariah, Lina","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132567452","display_name":"Li Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9321-3983","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9321-3983"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei, Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076730859","display_name":"Chongwen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8437"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Chongwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148540877","display_name":"Yongliang Shen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen, Yongliang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123517124","display_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Zhaoyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056145687","display_name":"Merouane Abdelkader Debbah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debbah, Merouane","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9258000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.016899999231100082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-training","display_name":"post-training","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain-of-thought-reasoning","display_name":"chain-of-thought reasoning","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-fine-tuning","display_name":"supervised fine-tuning","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-diagnosis","display_name":"fault diagnosis","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-configuration","display_name":"network configuration","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-llms","display_name":"open-source LLMs","score":0.6129999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115086926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17004651","display_name":"Causal reasoning","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83725634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268699","display_name":"Qualitative reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.25356","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25356","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.25356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.25356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.25356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.25356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.25356","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25356","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.25356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214101896.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214101896.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204548667","https://openalex.org/W4412722283","https://openalex.org/W4400668506","https://openalex.org/W7161679923","https://openalex.org/W7130710504","https://openalex.org/W7214001238","https://openalex.org/W7118691284","https://openalex.org/W7203698153","https://openalex.org/W4414405214","https://openalex.org/W4402742293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2,55,83,209],"(LLMs)":[3],"offer":[4],"great":[5],"potential":[6],"to":[7,34,140,162,195,215],"automate":[8],"a":[9,75,120,211],"broad":[10],"range":[11],"of":[12,77,224],"telecom":[13,31,81,106,134,171,203],"engineering":[14],"tasks":[15,40],"by":[16],"reasoning":[17,82,117,138,172,182],"over":[18],"standards,":[19],"network":[20],"configurations,":[21],"mathematical":[22],"models,":[23,243],"source":[24,79],"code,":[25],"and":[26,41,63,92,112,136,167,184,210,247],"operational":[27],"logs.":[28],"However,":[29],"existing":[30],"LLMs":[32,45],"struggle":[33],"reliably":[35],"reason":[36],"across":[37,169],"these":[38],"diverse":[39],"data":[42,99],"types.":[43],"General-purpose":[44],"often":[46],"lack":[47],"reliable":[48],"grounding":[49],"in":[50],"telecom-specific":[51],"knowledge,":[52,90],"while":[53],"telecom-specialized":[54],"are":[56],"typically":[57],"developed":[58],"for":[59,146],"narrower":[60],"task":[61],"families":[62],"exhibit":[64],"limited":[65],"multi-task":[66],"performance.":[67],"To":[68],"fill":[69],"this":[70,128],"gap,":[71],"we":[72],"introduce":[73],"TelecomGPT-R1,":[74],"family":[76],"open":[78],"unified":[80],"structured":[84],"around":[85],"four":[86],"complementary":[87],"axes:":[88],"protocol,":[89],"modeling,":[91],"fault.":[93],"We":[94,150,205],"first":[95],"develop":[96],"an":[97,236],"axis-aware":[98],"generation":[100],"framework":[101],"that":[102,231],"refines":[103],"coarse":[104],"public":[105],"artifacts":[107],"into":[108,180],"verified":[109],"question-answer":[110],"pairs":[111],"high":[113],"quality":[114],"chain-of-thought":[115],"(CoT)":[116],"trajectories,":[118],"yielding":[119],"training":[121,213],"corpus":[122],"containing":[123],"104,880":[124],"examples.":[125],"Building":[126],"on":[127,221],"corpus,":[129],"supervised":[130],"fine-tuning":[131],"(SFT)":[132],"instills":[133],"knowledge":[135],"evidence-grounded":[137],"patterns":[139],"overcome":[141],"the":[142,207,225,232],"cold":[143],"start":[144],"barrier":[145],"reinforcement":[147],"learning":[148],"(RL).":[149],"then":[151],"apply":[152],"dynamic":[153],"sampling":[154],"policy":[155],"optimization":[156],"(DAPO)":[157],"with":[158,190],"task-routed":[159],"rubric":[160],"rewards":[161,175],"keep":[163],"RL":[164,194],"updates":[165],"informative":[166],"stable":[168],"heterogeneous":[170],"tasks.":[173],"These":[174],"decompose":[176],"axis-specific":[177],"CoT":[178],"traces":[179],"verifiable":[181,202],"units":[183],"combine":[185],"grounded":[186],"dense":[187],"process":[188],"credit":[189],"outcome":[191],"correctness,":[192],"allowing":[193],"learn":[196],"generalizable":[197],"problem":[198],"solving":[199],"behaviors":[200],"from":[201],"evidence.":[204],"release":[206],"TelecomGPT-R1":[208],"reproducible":[212],"recipe":[214],"support":[216],"further":[217],"community":[218],"development.":[219],"Evaluations":[220],"seven":[222],"benchmarks":[223],"GSMA":[226],"Open":[227],"Telco":[228],"Leaderboard":[229],"show":[230],"open-source":[233],"TelecomGPT-R1-27B":[234],"achieves":[235],"89.64%":[237],"mean":[238],"score,":[239],"outperforming":[240],"leading":[241],"proprietary":[242],"including":[244],"GPT-5,":[245],"Claude,":[246],"Gemini.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}