{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214101584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.26294","title":"4D Pencil Beam Treatment Plan with Conditional Weight Predictions","display_name":"4D Pencil Beam Treatment Plan with Conditional Weight Predictions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214101584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.26294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.26294","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.26294","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.26294","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.26294","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137790842","display_name":"Nair N von Muehlenen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5122-5480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5122-5480"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"von Muehlenen, Nair N","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031248007","display_name":"Florentin Bieder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-0623","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-0623"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bieder, Florentin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Basel , 4001 Basel , Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Basel , 4001 Basel , Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048965835","display_name":"Philippe Claude Cattin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8785-2713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8785-2713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cattin, Philippe C","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Basel , 4001 Basel , Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Basel , 4001 Basel , Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.0812000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-motion","display_name":"respiratory motion","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-generative-models","display_name":"conditional generative models","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moving-targets","display_name":"moving targets","score":0.6169999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134949993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2068617","display_name":"Pencil (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5583999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667","display_name":"Proton therapy","level":3,"score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.5109000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75088862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2291081","display_name":"Dosimetry","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775881188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162317","display_name":"Pencil-beam scanning","level":4,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778418280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38276304","display_name":"Particle therapy","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.26294","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.26294","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.26294","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.26294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.26294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.26294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.26294","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.26294","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.26294","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214101584.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214101584.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163329967","https://openalex.org/W2907953456","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W4384936758","https://openalex.org/W4402029919"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163447389","https://openalex.org/W2693278447","https://openalex.org/W4376271684","https://openalex.org/W2935722559","https://openalex.org/W7148202891","https://openalex.org/W4281823270","https://openalex.org/W981873612","https://openalex.org/W3110168496","https://openalex.org/W2892023672","https://openalex.org/W6962845950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective.":[0],"This":[1],"work":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,23,97,124],"accelerate":[5,38],"our":[6],"four-dimensional":[7],"(4D)":[8],"proton":[9,154],"pencil":[10,56,67,115],"beam":[11,57,68,84,116,155],"delivery":[12],"strategy,":[13],"which":[14],"incorporates":[15],"respiratory":[16],"motion":[17],"into":[18],"a":[19,49,71,87,147],"dynamic":[20],"treatment":[21,28,45,99,112],"plan,":[22],"improve":[24],"dose":[25],"conformity":[26,144],"and":[27,32,41,89,134,152],"efficiency":[29],"for":[30,54,157],"gantry-less":[31],"magnet-free":[33,135],"scanner":[34,136],"designs.":[35,137],"Approach.":[36],"To":[37],"the":[39,63,82,90,125],"generation":[40,113],"adaptation":[42],"of":[43,66,86,110,127],"4D":[44,111],"plans,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"conditional":[50,77],"hybrid":[51],"ResNet18-Transformer":[52],"model":[53,60,78],"predicting":[55],"weights.":[58],"The":[59,76,108],"predicts":[61],"either":[62],"full":[64,98],"set":[65],"weights":[69,85],"or":[70],"subset":[72],"thereof.":[73],"Main":[74],"Results.":[75],"can":[79],"successfully":[80],"predict":[81],"remaining":[83],"treatment,":[88],"results":[91],"suggest":[92],"that":[93],"extending":[94],"this":[95],"approach":[96],"prediction":[100,118],"is":[101,162],"feasible":[102],"but":[103],"requires":[104],"further":[105],"investigation.":[106],"Significance.":[107],"acceleration":[109],"via":[114],"weight":[117],"takes":[119],"us":[120],"one":[121],"step":[122],"closer":[123],"feasibility":[126],"treating":[128],"mobile":[129],"targets":[130],"with":[131],"simplified,":[132],"gantry-less,":[133],"Reducing":[138],"system":[139],"complexity":[140],"while":[141],"preserving":[142],"dosimetric":[143],"may":[145],"offer":[146],"pathway":[148],"toward":[149],"more":[150],"accessible":[151],"cost-effective":[153],"therapy":[156],"motion-affected":[158],"tumours.":[159],"Our":[160],"code":[161],"available":[163],"here:":[164],"https://github.com/NairVonMuehlenen/Pencil-Beam-Weight-Prediction":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}