{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214100522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902","title":"Numerical Analysis of Long-Exposure Imaging Quality in a Joint-Turbulence Environment","display_name":"Numerical Analysis of Long-Exposure Imaging Quality in a Joint-Turbulence Environment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214100522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/photonics13100902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738274844","display_name":"Photonics","issn_l":"2304-6732","issn":["2304-6732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Photonics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091139532","display_name":"Jinyu Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8014-8416","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8014-8416","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7870-4239"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149962","display_name":"Sanming University","ror":"https://ror.org/044pany34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149962"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinyu Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Lab of Agriculture IOT Application, School of Information Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Lab of Agriculture IOT Application, School of Information Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149962"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017499714","display_name":"Lu Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-5412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-5412","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-5965","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-0863","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9168-5465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-5965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091139532"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149962"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"902","last_page":"902"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11484","display_name":"Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11484","display_name":"Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-turbulence","display_name":"atmospheric turbulence","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressible-turbulence","display_name":"compressible turbulence","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-exposure-imaging","display_name":"long-exposure imaging","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-transfer-function","display_name":"optical transfer function","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-structure-function","display_name":"wave structure function","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index-fluctuations","display_name":"refractive index fluctuations","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-degradation","display_name":"image degradation","score":0.8159999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.6984999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.5983999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570441","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","level":2,"score":0.42750000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175231954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1942321","display_name":"Optical transfer function","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53622274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2496679","display_name":"Correlation function (quantum field theory)","level":3,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150060386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574054","display_name":"Spatial correlation","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163018871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1302587","display_name":"Cross-correlation","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123614077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364905","display_name":"Propagation of uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100921725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650811","display_name":"Spatial frequency","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84655787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8067817","display_name":"Compressibility","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93509452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180943","display_name":"Phase correlation","level":5,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/photonics13100902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738274844","display_name":"Photonics","issn_l":"2304-6732","issn":["2304-6732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Photonics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6f5c70946f614e2fb4a6c2aa1d6fc465","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6f5c70946f614e2fb4a6c2aa1d6fc465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Photonics, Vol 13, Iss 10, p 902 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/photonics13100902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13100902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738274844","display_name":"Photonics","issn_l":"2304-6732","issn":["2304-6732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Photonics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1455957339","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62505160, 62571411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1998426875","https://openalex.org/W1999659262","https://openalex.org/W2043569870","https://openalex.org/W2045021443","https://openalex.org/W2054631241","https://openalex.org/W2150738841","https://openalex.org/W2636349892","https://openalex.org/W2900699433","https://openalex.org/W2913941406","https://openalex.org/W3047663417","https://openalex.org/W3126003152","https://openalex.org/W3208683997","https://openalex.org/W4213158373","https://openalex.org/W4283764084","https://openalex.org/W4309202707","https://openalex.org/W4310470399","https://openalex.org/W4313461283","https://openalex.org/W4388591394","https://openalex.org/W4390422053","https://openalex.org/W4395032975","https://openalex.org/W4399395288","https://openalex.org/W4403011061","https://openalex.org/W4403027830","https://openalex.org/W4406322234","https://openalex.org/W4409359109","https://openalex.org/W4414343080","https://openalex.org/W4414660813","https://openalex.org/W4415906782","https://openalex.org/W4416999451","https://openalex.org/W7167669357"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7167669357","https://openalex.org/W1966296814","https://openalex.org/W7099387337","https://openalex.org/W4231951832","https://openalex.org/W2051213737","https://openalex.org/W2063406349","https://openalex.org/W7171837810","https://openalex.org/W1964568992","https://openalex.org/W2047230646","https://openalex.org/W2371889653"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Refractive":[0],"index":[1],"fluctuations":[2],"in":[3,140],"turbulent":[4],"media":[5],"severely":[6],"degrade":[7],"optical":[8,16,40],"imaging":[9,91],"quality.":[10],"Airborne":[11],"electro-optic":[12],"systems":[13],"often":[14],"involve":[15],"propagation":[17,145],"through":[18],"both":[19],"atmospheric":[20],"turbulence":[21,25,46],"(AT)":[22],"and":[23,48,108,116,147,173],"compressible":[24],"(CT),":[26],"which":[27,92],"forms":[28],"a":[29,64,72,78,85,175],"joint-turbulence":[30],"(JT)":[31],"environment.":[32],"Current":[33],"models":[34,165],"evaluate":[35],"this":[36,157],"by":[37,77],"multiplying":[38],"the":[39,59,95,99,141,151],"transfer":[41],"functions":[42],"(OTFs)":[43],"of":[44],"individual":[45],"types":[47],"implicitly":[49],"assume":[50],"statistical":[51],"independence.":[52],"By":[53],"analyzing":[54],"phase":[55],"fluctuation":[56],"superposition":[57],"on":[58],"receiving":[60,152],"aperture,":[61],"we":[62],"derive":[63],"new":[65],"wave-structure":[66],"function":[67],"for":[68,89,156,168,178],"JT":[69,90,123,164],"that":[70,122,162],"includes":[71],"cross":[73],"correlation":[74,80,142],"term":[75],"parameterized":[76],"mutual":[79],"coefficient.":[81],"We":[82],"then":[83],"establish":[84],"long-exposure":[86],"OTF":[87],"model":[88],"reduces":[93],"to":[94],"conventional":[96],"method":[97],"when":[98],"fields":[100],"are":[101,166],"uncorrelated.":[102],"Simulations":[103],"using":[104],"resolution":[105],"test":[106],"targets":[107],"natural":[109],"scene":[110],"images":[111],"evaluated":[112],"via":[113],"structural":[114],"similarity":[115],"peak":[117],"signal-to-noise":[118],"ratio":[119],"metrics":[120],"show":[121],"degrades":[124],"image":[125,171],"quality":[126,172],"significantly":[127],"more":[128],"than":[129],"AT":[130],"or":[131],"CT":[132,144,148],"alone.":[133],"This":[134],"degradation":[135],"intensifies":[136],"monotonically":[137],"with":[138],"increases":[139],"coefficient,":[143],"distance,":[146],"strength.":[149],"Enlarging":[150],"aperture":[153],"effectively":[154],"compensates":[155],"degradation.":[158],"These":[159],"findings":[160],"prove":[161],"correlation-aware":[163],"essential":[167],"accurately":[169],"evaluating":[170],"provide":[174],"theoretical":[176],"foundation":[177],"advanced-imaging":[179],"system":[180],"design.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}
