{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214092947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","title":"Mice detect and discriminate temporal patterns of mesoscale optogenetic cortical stimulation","display_name":"Mice detect and discriminate temporal patterns of mesoscale optogenetic cortical stimulation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214092947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.17.752395.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.17.752395.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159930425","display_name":"Gabrielle Stephens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabrielle Stephens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033210670","display_name":"Nikolas A. Francis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6530-5559","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6530-5559"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolas A. Francis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain and Behavior Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6530-5559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain and Behavior Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033210670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.025499999523162842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optogenetic-stimulation","display_name":"optogenetic stimulation","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-perception","display_name":"artificial perception","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptual-learning","display_name":"perceptual learning","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-discrimination","display_name":"frequency discrimination","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auditory-cortex","display_name":"auditory cortex","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chr2","display_name":"channelrhodopsin-2","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-evaluation","display_name":"psychometric assessment","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/go-no-go-task","display_name":"go/no-go task","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-power","display_name":"optical power","score":0.4449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781151714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622337","display_name":"Photostimulation","level":2,"score":0.9815999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50738837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781492","display_name":"Optogenetics","level":2,"score":0.9491000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.7346000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7166998","display_name":"Percept","level":3,"score":0.6715999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.6412000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781347215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4863332","display_name":"Barrel cortex","level":3,"score":0.6223000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112592302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207387","display_name":"Excitatory postsynaptic potential","level":3,"score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908832724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187600","display_name":"Photic Stimulation","level":4,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18676","display_name":"Auditory cortex","level":2,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40382383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2399824","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983650178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75839","display_name":"Cortical neurons","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25457674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17163316","display_name":"Sensory stimulation therapy","level":3,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37218471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905325","display_name":"Channelrhodopsin","level":3,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15123163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500096","display_name":"Psychophysics","level":3,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118403218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Biological neural network","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777222312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726562","display_name":"Neocortex","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172497186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328835","display_name":"Somatosensory system","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775980177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358512","display_name":"Inferior colliculus","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117838684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533483","display_name":"Local field potential","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781416072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109417","display_name":"Superior colliculus","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985799443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955838","display_name":"Brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110235638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17119820","display_name":"Sensory threshold","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.17.752395.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752395","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.17.752395.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214092947.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214092947.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1139015881","https://openalex.org/W1532702661","https://openalex.org/W1570757432","https://openalex.org/W1591992744","https://openalex.org/W1608247615","https://openalex.org/W1963937305","https://openalex.org/W1999324548","https://openalex.org/W2003487400","https://openalex.org/W2011454762","https://openalex.org/W2019601442","https://openalex.org/W2021814974","https://openalex.org/W2034064942","https://openalex.org/W2036039853","https://openalex.org/W2038439610","https://openalex.org/W2136431242","https://openalex.org/W2157353310","https://openalex.org/W2158256695","https://openalex.org/W2160494739","https://openalex.org/W2167095271","https://openalex.org/W2167637105","https://openalex.org/W2169191420","https://openalex.org/W2540493898","https://openalex.org/W2587126800","https://openalex.org/W2747279431","https://openalex.org/W2766608784","https://openalex.org/W2786993517","https://openalex.org/W2912439398","https://openalex.org/W2950454659","https://openalex.org/W2955564464","https://openalex.org/W2956728914","https://openalex.org/W2956841884","https://openalex.org/W2966259282","https://openalex.org/W3013473785","https://openalex.org/W3035963907","https://openalex.org/W3080647613","https://openalex.org/W3093501202","https://openalex.org/W4281684055","https://openalex.org/W4283030572","https://openalex.org/W4372287580","https://openalex.org/W4382600895","https://openalex.org/W4406617232","https://openalex.org/W4413975317","https://openalex.org/W4417112990","https://openalex.org/W7123405069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402946661","https://openalex.org/W4311803295","https://openalex.org/W4402946871","https://openalex.org/W3032460269","https://openalex.org/W1963937305","https://openalex.org/W4386242545","https://openalex.org/W4225321792","https://openalex.org/W4402905723","https://openalex.org/W3094766379","https://openalex.org/W3157862459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Optogenetic":[1,225],"stimulation":[2,24,35,192,226,306],"is":[3],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"to":[6,105,179],"establish":[7],"causal":[8],"links":[9],"between":[10,133],"neural":[11,23,233],"activity,":[12],"behavior,":[13],"and":[14,49,119,122,131,135,206,215,263,265,281,310,320],"sensory":[15,229],"perception,":[16],"yet":[17],"animals":[18],"may":[19,236],"also":[20,237],"perceive":[21],"the":[22,97,232],"itself,":[25],"a":[26,66,85,171,194,213,239,252,297,317],"phenomenon":[27],"termed":[28],"\u201coptoception.\u201d":[29],"We":[30,56,242],"hypothesized":[31],"that":[32,41,188,244],"cortical":[33,62,93,102,137,190,248,294],"optogenetic":[34,191,325],"would":[36],"generate":[37],"an":[38,53,113,124],"artificial":[39,197],"percept":[40,198],"could":[42],"be":[43],"distinguished":[44,109],"from":[45,111,123,259],"externally":[46],"evoked":[47],"sensations":[48],"characterized":[50],"psychometrically":[51],"in":[52,81,89,117,128,268],"operant":[54],"task.":[55],"tested":[57,159],"this":[58],"hypothesis":[59],"using":[60],"mesoscale":[61,189,247,293],"photostimulation":[63,94,103,204,249,269,295],"delivered":[64,250],"by":[65,251],"3":[67,253],"mm,":[68],"459":[69],"nm":[70],"LED":[71,115,315],"implanted":[72,255,314],"over":[73],"auditory":[74],"cortex.":[75],"Four":[76],"mice":[77,100,158,245],"expressing":[78],"Channelrhodopsin-2":[79],"(ChR2)":[80],"excitatory":[82],"neurons":[83],"learned":[84],"head-fixed":[86],"go/no-go":[87],"task":[88],"which":[90,147],"20":[91],"Hz":[92],"served":[95],"as":[96],"target.":[98],"ChR2-positive":[99],"detected":[101],"relative":[104],"LED-off":[106],"catch":[107],"trials,":[108],"it":[110,258],"both":[112],"external":[114,261],"matched":[116,127,260],"wavelength":[118],"pulse":[120],"rate":[121,205],"acoustic":[125],"noise":[126],"amplitude-modulation":[129],"rate,":[130,307],"discriminated":[132],"20-":[134],"10-Hz":[136],"photostimulation.":[138],"Reducing":[139],"implanted-LED":[140,272],"optical":[141,207,273,308],"power":[142,274],"initially":[143,279],"lowered":[144],"rate-discrimination":[145],"sensitivity,":[146],"then":[148,282],"increased":[149,283],"across":[150,284],"training":[151,285],"sessions,":[152,286],"demonstrating":[153],"perceptual":[154,240,288],"learning.":[155],"In":[156],"two":[157],"with":[160],"11":[161],"randomly":[162],"interleaved":[163],"rates":[164],"spanning":[165],"10-20":[166],"Hz,":[167],"lick":[168],"probability":[169],"followed":[170],"saturating":[172],"rate-dependent":[173],"function.":[174],"Two":[175],"ChR2-negative":[176],"littermates":[177],"failed":[178],"acquire":[180],"photostimulation-locked":[181],"behavioral":[182,200,302],"responding.":[183],"Together,":[184],"these":[185],"findings":[186],"show":[187,243],"generates":[193,296],"graded,":[195],"learnable":[196],"whose":[199,301],"readout":[201,303],"depends":[202,304],"on":[203,305],"power.":[208],"This":[209],"single-LED":[210],"preparation":[211],"provides":[212,316],"cost-efficient":[214],"wavelength-extensible":[216,321],"platform":[217],"for":[218,323],"psychometric":[219],"analysis":[220],"of":[221,290],"optoception.":[222,291],"SIGNIFICANCE":[223],"STATEMENT":[224],"can":[227],"alter":[228],"processing,":[230],"but":[231],"perturbation":[234],"itself":[235],"become":[238],"cue.":[241],"detect":[246],"mm":[254],"LED,":[256],"distinguish":[257],"light":[262],"sound,":[264],"discriminate":[266],"differences":[267],"rate.":[270],"When":[271],"was":[275],"reduced,":[276],"discrimination":[277],"sensitivity":[278],"declined":[280],"revealing":[287],"learning":[289],"Thus,":[292],"graded":[298],"internal":[299],"signal":[300],"power,":[309],"experience.":[311],"A":[312],"single":[313],"cost-":[318],"efficient":[319],"assay":[322],"measuring":[324],"perception.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}