{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214085089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","title":"Gut Dysbiosis, Uremic Toxins, and NLRP3 Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Mechanistic Evidence to Clinical Biomarker Evaluation","display_name":"Gut Dysbiosis, Uremic Toxins, and NLRP3 Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Mechanistic Evidence to Clinical Biomarker Evaluation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214085089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42882239","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13664321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics16193084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066962551","display_name":"Imola Donath-Miklos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imola Donath-Miklos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9542-0035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025623411","display_name":"Oana \u0218tirbu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8127-5131","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8127-5131"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3021884489","display_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1qsw88","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oana \u0218tirbu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","Hemodialysis Department, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8127-5131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hemodialysis Department, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009021160","display_name":"Romana Olivia Pope\u021biu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1192-1452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1192-1452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3021884489","display_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1qsw88","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Romana Olivia Pope\u021biu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","Internal Medicine Clinic, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1192-1452","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050051485","display_name":"Adrian Silviu Cri\u015fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9827-6133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9827-6133","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4374-4248"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3021884489","display_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1qsw88","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Silviu Cri\u0219an","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Clinic, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4374-4248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Clinic, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117316047","display_name":"Paula Alexandra Vulciu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Alexandra Vulciu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008018996","display_name":"Roxana Andra Coman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-388X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-388X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208470662","display_name":"Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/051h0cw83","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roxana Andra Coman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, MedLife Humanitas Hospital, 400664 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","Fundamental Discipline, Anatomy, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes Street Number 8, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-388X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, MedLife Humanitas Hospital, 400664 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fundamental Discipline, Anatomy, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes Street Number 8, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208470662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035858829","display_name":"Cecilia Roberta Avram","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3021884489","display_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1qsw88","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia Roberta Avram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Laboratory of Medical Analyses, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania","Department of Biology and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Laboratory of Medical Analyses, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138724976","display_name":"Darius Radu Roman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162871001","display_name":"University of Oradea","ror":"https://ror.org/00wzhv093","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darius Radu Roman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Str. Universit\u0103\u021bii nr 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Str. Universit\u0103\u021bii nr 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113958945","display_name":"Radmila Anca Bugari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radmila-Anca Bugari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136811368","display_name":"Dana Zdremtan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dana Zdrem\u021ban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110285603","display_name":"Maria Orodan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Orodan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012784010","display_name":"Lumini\u021ba Pilat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0163-5698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0163-5698"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lumini\u021ba Pilat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0163-5698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092913252","display_name":"Larisa Alexandra Rus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1281-9862","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1281-9862"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3021884489","display_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1qsw88","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larisa Alexandra Rus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","Internal Medicine Clinic, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1281-9862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141008152","display_name":"Cristina Georgiana Firu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Georgiana Firu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Heamatology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Heamatology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072387783","display_name":"Mihai C\u0103t\u0103lin Ro\u0219u","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7010-6069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7010-6069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihai C\u0103t\u0103lin Ro\u0219u","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052737504","display_name":"Simona Maria Borta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-2691","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-2691"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3021884489","display_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03t1qsw88","country_code":"RO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106141","display_name":"Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad","ror":"https://ror.org/01e0stw12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simona Maria Borta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","Internal Medicine Clinic, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-2691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, B-dul Revolu\u021biei nr. 94-96, 310025 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine Clinic, Arad County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Str. Andr\u00e9nyi K\u00e1roly nr 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009021160","https://openalex.org/A5050051485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3021884489","https://openalex.org/I4210106141"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53089888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"19","first_page":"3084","last_page":"3084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10291","display_name":"Dialysis and Renal Disease Management","score":0.8101000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10291","display_name":"Dialysis and Renal Disease Management","score":0.8101000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11078","display_name":"Inflammasome and immune disorders","score":0.0997999981045723,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10066","display_name":"Gut microbiota and health","score":0.02630000002682209,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-kidney-disease","display_name":"chronic kidney disease","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-dysbiosis","display_name":"gut dysbiosis","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uremic-toxins","display_name":"uremic toxins","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nlrp3-inflammasome","display_name":"NLRP3 inflammasome","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-kidney-axis","display_name":"gut-kidney axis","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intestinal-barrier-dysfunction","display_name":"intestinal barrier dysfunction","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipopolysaccharide","display_name":"lipopolysaccharide","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tlr4-nf-kappab-signaling-pathway","display_name":"TLR4/NF-\u03baB signaling","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoxyl-sulfate","display_name":"indoxyl sulfate","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/p-cresyl-sulfate","display_name":"p-cresyl sulfate","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trimethylamine-n-oxide","display_name":"trimethylamine N-oxide","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammasome-priming","display_name":"inflammasome priming","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers","display_name":"biomarkers","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intestinal-permeability","display_name":"intestinal permeability","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systemic-inflammation","display_name":"systemic inflammation","score":0.6769999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777209026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412405","display_name":"Inflammasome","level":3,"score":0.8230999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6919000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.5906000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718","display_name":"Kidney disease","level":2,"score":0.5548999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994496059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13365776","display_name":"Uremic toxins","level":3,"score":0.5228999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77411442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181100","display_name":"Urinary system","level":2,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139174496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24725912","display_name":"Pyrin domain","level":4,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780091579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9377","display_name":"Kidney","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776979534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193213","display_name":"Butyrate","level":3,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81444415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243535","display_name":"Priming (agriculture)","level":3,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159641895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108377937","display_name":"Renal function","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018884230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58184","display_name":"Renal tubule","level":3,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781184683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718","display_name":"Nephropathy","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424337","display_name":"Acute kidney injury","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics16193084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13664321","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13664321/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13664321/pdf/diagnostics-16-03084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42882239","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42882239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b626e14a559744f0ad292dec4c0f97fa","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b626e14a559744f0ad292dec4c0f97fa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics, Vol 16, Iss 19, p 3084 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics16193084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16193084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9922999739646912,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214085089.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214085089.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":138,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W862343047","https://openalex.org/W1507278623","https://openalex.org/W1561041814","https://openalex.org/W1973171955","https://openalex.org/W1994800928","https://openalex.org/W1995283634","https://openalex.org/W1999906527","https://openalex.org/W2002138274","https://openalex.org/W2005569822","https://openalex.org/W2016741118","https://openalex.org/W2048032544","https://openalex.org/W2060457268","https://openalex.org/W2077553363","https://openalex.org/W2086667809","https://openalex.org/W2087220757","https://openalex.org/W2096876421","https://openalex.org/W2101431807","https://openalex.org/W2103175663","https://openalex.org/W2107616906","https://openalex.org/W2111994713","https://openalex.org/W2118403357","https://openalex.org/W2118918019","https://openalex.org/W2128769815","https://openalex.org/W2135821062","https://openalex.org/W2142937765","https://openalex.org/W2145189896","https://openalex.org/W2150350691","https://openalex.org/W2154690872","https://openalex.org/W2155770880","https://openalex.org/W2157230648","https://openalex.org/W2160674552","https://openalex.org/W2162208330","https://openalex.org/W2165158820","https://openalex.org/W2168987491","https://openalex.org/W2171540831","https://openalex.org/W2180350916","https://openalex.org/W2190510948","https://openalex.org/W2232990799","https://openalex.org/W2243040103","https://openalex.org/W2313035807","https://openalex.org/W2347092661","https://openalex.org/W2409656339","https://openalex.org/W2419265681","https://openalex.org/W2431987552","https://openalex.org/W2560541542","https://openalex.org/W2604727490","https://openalex.org/W2620100369","https://openalex.org/W2751157908","https://openalex.org/W2751824273","https://openalex.org/W2771968994","https://openalex.org/W2789358880","https://openalex.org/W2797413896","https://openalex.org/W2803457956","https://openalex.org/W2808457437","https://openalex.org/W2884560868","https://openalex.org/W2885093728","https://openalex.org/W2892844483","https://openalex.org/W2897354087","https://openalex.org/W2923723307","https://openalex.org/W2948845640","https://openalex.org/W2954782052","https://openalex.org/W2974750522","https://openalex.org/W2989505112","https://openalex.org/W2990249310","https://openalex.org/W2991747599","https://openalex.org/W2999495572","https://openalex.org/W3015593925","https://openalex.org/W3104014715","https://openalex.org/W3119538007","https://openalex.org/W3121076969","https://openalex.org/W3121655190","https://openalex.org/W3121760120","https://openalex.org/W3128070618","https://openalex.org/W3140401439","https://openalex.org/W3153099402","https://openalex.org/W3156918339","https://openalex.org/W3159660404","https://openalex.org/W3202129483","https://openalex.org/W3202149489","https://openalex.org/W3209402294","https://openalex.org/W3210162226","https://openalex.org/W3211795092","https://openalex.org/W3213561552","https://openalex.org/W4200449952","https://openalex.org/W4205690052","https://openalex.org/W4210679294","https://openalex.org/W4211217520","https://openalex.org/W4224224140","https://openalex.org/W4292382448","https://openalex.org/W4307162362","https://openalex.org/W4367311869","https://openalex.org/W4378640247","https://openalex.org/W4385321544","https://openalex.org/W4385803938","https://openalex.org/W4387780577","https://openalex.org/W4389624232","https://openalex.org/W4390876555","https://openalex.org/W4392384905","https://openalex.org/W4398235798","https://openalex.org/W4399284849","https://openalex.org/W4399288010","https://openalex.org/W4400940597","https://openalex.org/W4401015847","https://openalex.org/W4401368310","https://openalex.org/W4402926989","https://openalex.org/W4402933018","https://openalex.org/W4408314528","https://openalex.org/W4409088236","https://openalex.org/W4409117579","https://openalex.org/W4409214309","https://openalex.org/W4411066604","https://openalex.org/W4411894220","https://openalex.org/W4412115380","https://openalex.org/W4412480810","https://openalex.org/W4412990571","https://openalex.org/W4414335273","https://openalex.org/W4415435485","https://openalex.org/W4415476259","https://openalex.org/W4415817216","https://openalex.org/W4416016244","https://openalex.org/W4416114851","https://openalex.org/W4416224114","https://openalex.org/W4416227929","https://openalex.org/W4416958511","https://openalex.org/W4417079155","https://openalex.org/W7117130743","https://openalex.org/W7118173274","https://openalex.org/W7118474945","https://openalex.org/W7127901206","https://openalex.org/W7128160789","https://openalex.org/W7160537097","https://openalex.org/W7164895695","https://openalex.org/W7167048073","https://openalex.org/W7169591330","https://openalex.org/W7169799986","https://openalex.org/W7171857145","https://openalex.org/W7172454088","https://openalex.org/W7203450229"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160879287","https://openalex.org/W7124131764","https://openalex.org/W2940380744","https://openalex.org/W7172454088","https://openalex.org/W4390145384","https://openalex.org/W7160537097","https://openalex.org/W7222674439","https://openalex.org/W4312222002","https://openalex.org/W4410483269","https://openalex.org/W7116959720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chronic":[0],"kidney":[1],"disease":[2],"(CKD)":[3],"is":[4,148,185,192],"associated":[5],"with":[6],"intestinal":[7,139],"dysbiosis,":[8],"barrier":[9,74],"dysfunction,":[10],"uremic":[11],"toxin":[12],"accumulation,":[13],"and":[14,42,50,63,80,142,160,169,177,205,211],"systemic":[15],"inflammation.":[16],"This":[17],"narrative":[18],"review":[19],"critically":[20],"evaluates":[21],"the":[22,27,48,68,125],"gut-kidney":[23],"axis,":[24],"focusing":[25],"on":[26,152],"distinction":[28],"between":[29],"NLRP3":[30,113],"[Nucleotide-binding":[31],"Oligomerization":[32],"Domain":[33],"(NOD)-like":[34],"receptor":[35,87],"pyrin":[36],"domain-containing":[37],"protein":[38],"3]":[39],"inflammasome":[40,95,130],"priming":[41,103,191],"direct":[43,198],"activation.":[44,131,199],"It":[45],"also":[46],"examines":[47],"diagnostic":[49],"prognostic":[51],"relevance":[52],"of":[53,213],"related":[54],"biomarkers.":[55],"Preclinical":[56],"studies,":[57],"clinical":[58,65,215],"investigations,":[59],"systematic":[60],"reviews,":[61],"meta-analyses,":[62],"relevant":[64],"trials":[66],"within":[67],"past":[69],"decade":[70],"were":[71],"considered.":[72],"CKD-associated":[73],"dysfunction":[75],"increases":[76],"exposure":[77],"to":[78],"lipopolysaccharides":[79],"gut-derived":[81],"metabolites.":[82],"Lipopolysaccharide":[83],"(LPS)-mediated":[84],"TLR4/NF-\u03baB":[85],"(Toll-like":[86],"4/nuclear":[88],"factor":[89],"kappa":[90],"B)":[91],"signaling":[92],"provides":[93],"well-supported":[94],"priming.":[96],"Indoxyl":[97],"sulfate":[98,117],"acts":[99],"predominantly":[100,178],"as":[101],"a":[102],"stimulus,":[104],"although":[105],"its":[106],"effects":[107],"vary":[108],"among":[109],"cell":[110],"types.":[111],"Direct":[112],"activation":[114],"by":[115,150],"p-cresyl":[116],"has":[118,124],"not":[119],"been":[120],"demonstrated.":[121],"Trimethylamine":[122],"N-oxide":[123],"strongest":[126],"experimental":[127],"evidence":[128,189],"for":[129,190,197],"Candidate":[132],"biomarkers":[133,201],"include":[134],"these":[135],"metabolites,":[136],"microbial":[137],"profiles,":[138],"permeability":[140],"markers,":[141],"inflammasome-related":[143],"mediators.":[144],"However,":[145],"their":[146],"interpretation":[147],"limited":[149],"dependence":[151],"renal":[153],"clearance,":[154],"assay":[155,207],"heterogeneity,":[156],"absent":[157],"standardized":[158],"thresholds,":[159],"uncertain":[161],"added":[162],"value":[163,216],"beyond":[164],"estimated":[165],"glomerular":[166],"filtration":[167],"rate":[168],"urinary":[170],"albumin-to-creatinine":[171],"ratio.":[172],"Interventional":[173],"studies":[174],"remain":[175,202],"small":[176],"use":[179],"surrogate":[180],"endpoints.":[181],"The":[182],"gut-toxin-inflammasome":[183],"axis":[184],"mechanistically":[186],"plausible,":[187],"but":[188],"substantially":[193],"stronger":[194],"than":[195],"that":[196],"Its":[200],"research":[203],"tools":[204],"require":[206],"harmonization,":[208],"prospective":[209],"validation,":[210],"demonstration":[212],"independent":[214],"before":[217],"routine":[218],"implementation.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}
