{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214078175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","title":"Data-Efficient Transformer Model for Retinal Artery-Vein Segmentation in Landmark-Deficient OCT Angiography","display_name":"Data-Efficient Transformer Model for Retinal Artery-Vein Segmentation in Landmark-Deficient OCT Angiography","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214078175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42990860","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13734878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","pdf_url":"https://www.ophthalmologyscience.org/article/S2666-9145(26)00354-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240620","display_name":"Ophthalmology Science","issn_l":"2666-9145","issn":["2666-9145"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmology Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ophthalmologyscience.org/article/S2666-9145(26)00354-4/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079701488","display_name":"Cyriac Manjaly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-2463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-2463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyriac Manjaly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-2463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031672601","display_name":"Haneen Alfauri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7451-8633","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7451-8633"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haneen Alfauri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7451-8633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119054568","display_name":"Aditya Santoki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Santoki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055352287","display_name":"Nicholas Takayuki Kikuta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3229-4818","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3229-4818"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Kikuta","raw_affiliation_strings":["John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawaii"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3229-4818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, Hawaii","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152539774","display_name":"Lauren Pollack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6588-866X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6588-866X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47838141","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p7jjy08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Pollack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6588-866X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038728397","display_name":"Senyue Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0860-7629","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0860-7629"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Senyue Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0860-7629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009122132","display_name":"Chao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3413","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3413"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri","Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040096063","display_name":"Rithwick Rajagopal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-2665","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-2665"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rithwick Rajagopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri","Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-2665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040096063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65600677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"12","first_page":"101416","last_page":"101416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography-angiography","display_name":"optical coherence tomography angiography","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-vein-occlusion","display_name":"retinal vein occlusion","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swin-unet","display_name":"Swin-Unet","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-biomarkers","display_name":"retinal biomarkers","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5983999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5353999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985858981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60760969","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","level":3,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780643987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468414","display_name":"Angiography","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","pdf_url":"https://www.ophthalmologyscience.org/article/S2666-9145(26)00354-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240620","display_name":"Ophthalmology Science","issn_l":"2666-9145","issn":["2666-9145"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmology Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13734878","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13734878/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13734878/pdf/main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmol Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42990860","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42990860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmology science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:73080dbdef4d4ed79256a91252d0e913","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/73080dbdef4d4ed79256a91252d0e913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmology Science, Vol 6, Iss 12, Pp 101416- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2026.101416","pdf_url":"https://www.ophthalmologyscience.org/article/S2666-9145(26)00354-4/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240620","display_name":"Ophthalmology Science","issn_l":"2666-9145","issn":["2666-9145"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmology Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7246000170707703}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2905266098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 EY002687","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","funder_display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3153079640","display_name":"Core Grant for Vision Research","funder_award_id":"P30EY002687","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7183255997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EY002687","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","funder_display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000861881","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Training in Vision Science","funder_award_id":"T32EY013360","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/04drjs621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311900","display_name":"Prevent Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/029tzwe02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214078175.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214078175.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528934530","https://openalex.org/W1994391885","https://openalex.org/W2010758131","https://openalex.org/W2071074251","https://openalex.org/W2083799265","https://openalex.org/W2087898657","https://openalex.org/W2093620952","https://openalex.org/W2133388984","https://openalex.org/W2554756136","https://openalex.org/W2762196622","https://openalex.org/W2775636951","https://openalex.org/W2801125331","https://openalex.org/W2884706026","https://openalex.org/W2901922444","https://openalex.org/W2923761380","https://openalex.org/W2945642859","https://openalex.org/W2956050701","https://openalex.org/W3090125838","https://openalex.org/W3091908957","https://openalex.org/W3188753378","https://openalex.org/W4210348187","https://openalex.org/W4224438107","https://openalex.org/W4291777774","https://openalex.org/W4321232185","https://openalex.org/W4323275538","https://openalex.org/W4366158278","https://openalex.org/W4377139229","https://openalex.org/W4383340634","https://openalex.org/W4384405705","https://openalex.org/W4391289335","https://openalex.org/W4408776674","https://openalex.org/W4415026799","https://openalex.org/W4416187622","https://openalex.org/W7125138059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323275538","https://openalex.org/W4377139229","https://openalex.org/W4318348092","https://openalex.org/W7220917202","https://openalex.org/W7161307520","https://openalex.org/W4390547486","https://openalex.org/W4416799920","https://openalex.org/W7222106163","https://openalex.org/W4414483687","https://openalex.org/W7172305898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective":[0],"Accurately":[1],"differentiating":[2],"arteries":[3,232],"from":[4,93,112,132,296,306],"veins":[5],"in":[6,42,56,280,304,319],"highly":[7,313],"magnified":[8],"foveal":[9,109],"3":[10],"\u00d7":[11],"3-mm":[12],"2":[13,213],"macular":[14,58,321],"optical":[15],"coherence":[16],"tomography":[17],"angiography":[18],"(OCTA)":[19],"is":[20],"critical":[21],"for":[22,53,231],"quantifying":[23],"retinal":[24,69],"vascular":[25],"disease.":[26],"However,":[27],"existing":[28],"models":[29,291],"require":[30],"macrovascular":[31],"landmarks":[32],"absent":[33],"at":[34],"this":[35],"field":[36],"of":[37,309],"view,":[38],"hindering":[39],"vessel-specific":[40],"analysis":[41],"clinical":[43,320],"imaging.":[44],"We":[45],"developed":[46],"and":[47,60,81,142,163,174,186,209,220,229,233,257,292,328],"validated":[48],"a":[49],"data-efficient,":[50],"two-stage":[51,125],"transformer":[52,127,290],"AV":[54,214,278],"segmentation":[55,151,205,279,295],"landmark-deficient":[57],"OCTA":[59,110],"evaluated":[61],"whether":[62],"the":[63,143,156,169,175,191,195,241,298],"resulting":[64],"vessel":[65,316],"maps":[66],"could":[67],"identify":[68],"vein":[70],"occlusion":[71],"(RVO)":[72],"biomarkers":[73,303],"without":[74,136,239],"disease-specific":[75],"retraining.":[76],"Design":[77],"Cross-sectional":[78],"model":[79,196,242,299],"development":[80,86],"validation":[82,185],"study.":[83],"Participants":[84],"The":[85,180],"cohort":[87,106],"comprised":[88],"17":[89],"eyes":[90,141],"(29":[91],"scans)":[92],"9":[94,108],"healthy":[95,120],"adult":[96],"volunteers":[97],"(mean":[98],"age,":[99],"32":[100],"years).":[101],"A":[102],"subsequent":[103],"RVO":[104,144,166,193,238,305],"pilot":[105,145,324],"included":[107,168],"scans":[111],"patients":[113],"with":[114,288],"confirmed":[115],"RVO,":[116],"compared":[117],"against":[118],"15":[119],"control":[121],"scans.":[122,310],"Methods":[123],"Independent":[124],"Swin-Unet":[126],"trained":[128],"on":[129],"sparse":[130],"annotations":[131],"12":[133],"eyes,":[134],"applied":[135,189],"retraining":[137],"to":[138,190,237],"five":[139],"test":[140],"cohort.":[146],"Main":[147],"Outcome":[148],"Measures":[149],"Artery-vein":[150],"Dice":[152,210,217,225],"coefficients,":[153],"area":[154],"under":[155],"receiver":[157],"operating":[158],"characteristic":[159],"curve":[160],"(AUC),":[161],"sensitivity,":[162],"specificity.":[164],"Clinical":[165],"endpoints":[167],"major":[170,246],"vein-to-artery":[171],"sinuosity":[172,248],"ratio":[173],"10th-percentile":[176,259],"artery":[177,260],"radius.":[178],"Results":[179],"framework":[181,274],"demonstrated":[182],"exceptional":[183],"internal":[184],"crucially,":[187],"when":[188],"external":[192],"cohort,":[194],"successfully":[197],"identified":[198,243,300],"established":[199],"pathophysiological":[200],"hallmarks.":[201],"Stage":[202,212],"1":[203],"global":[204],"achieved":[206,216],"AUC":[207],"0.973":[208],"88.6%.":[211],"classification":[215],"96.3%":[218],"(arteries)":[219],"96.1%":[221],"(veins).":[222],"End-to-end":[223],"system":[224],"coefficients":[226],"were":[227],"87.3%":[228],"84.1%":[230],"veins,":[234],"respectively.":[235],"Applied":[236],"retraining,":[240],"significantly":[244],"elevated":[245],"vein/artery":[247],"(1.041":[249],"vs":[250,263],"1.010;":[251],"P":[252,266],"=":[253,267],".007;":[254],"AUC,":[255,269],"0.837)":[256],"reduced":[258],"radius":[261],"(13.2":[262],"15.4":[264],"\u03bcm;":[265],".002;":[268],"0.885).":[270],"Conclusions":[271],"This":[272,311],"data-efficient":[273],"enables":[275],"high":[276],"fidelity":[277],"landmark":[281],"deficient":[282],"OCTA.":[283],"By":[284],"combining":[285],"conventional":[286],"methods":[287],"newer":[289],"decoupling":[293],"structural":[294],"classification,":[297],"biologically":[301],"consistent":[302],"small":[307],"sets":[308],"supports":[312],"scalable":[314],"automated":[315],"specific":[317],"quantification":[318],"imaging;":[322],"these":[323],"findings":[325],"are":[326],"hypothesis-generating":[327],"warrant":[329],"prospective":[330],"validation.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}