{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214067430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","title":"Lung function variability and the burden of COPD and lung restriction in South Africa and Burkina Faso: results from the AWI-Gen study","display_name":"Lung function variability and the burden of COPD and lung restriction in South Africa and Burkina Faso: results from the AWI-Gen study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214067430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42818151","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13622355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.22.26363668.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.22.26363668.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122930034","display_name":"Emmanuel Adonyo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1625-012X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1625-012X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Adonyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1625-012X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152571687","display_name":"Jing Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003812204","display_name":"Catherine John","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-2073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-2073"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine John","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003286267","display_name":"Richard J. Packer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2459-1020","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2459-1020"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Packer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2459-1020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055162088","display_name":"Mich\u00e8le Ramsay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4156-4801","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4156-4801"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Ramsay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071532712","display_name":"Chiara Batini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7140-2985","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7140-2985","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-751X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Batini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034975443","display_name":"Richard Nellis van Zyl-Smit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-5362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-5362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802258008","display_name":"Groote Schuur Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00c879s84","country_code":"ZA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307091933","https://openalex.org/I2802258008"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard van Zyl-Smit","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Division of Pulmonology and University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Pulmonology and University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274","https://openalex.org/I2802258008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048152610","display_name":"Mervyn Mer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3338-8251","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3338-8251"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799742747","display_name":"Johannesburg Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/047x96110","country_code":"ZA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799742747"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mervyn Mer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145","https://openalex.org/I2799742747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060908898","display_name":"Palwend\u00e9 Romuald Boua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2665","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2665"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163846","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05m88q091","country_code":"BF","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116536","https://openalex.org/I4210163846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154763","display_name":"Clinical Research Unit Nanoro","ror":"https://ror.org/036jakz62","country_code":"BF","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154763"]}],"countries":["BF","GB","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Palwende Romuald Boua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Nanoro, Burkina Faso","Medical Research Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia","Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Nanoro, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163846","https://openalex.org/I4387154763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Research Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079762351","display_name":"Godfred Agongo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-5424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-5424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142844","display_name":"Navrongo Health Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04n6sse75","country_code":"GH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142844"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159584","display_name":"Ghana Health Service","ror":"https://ror.org/052ss8w32","country_code":"GH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111406484","https://openalex.org/I4210159584"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153927","display_name":"University of Technology and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00kpq4k75","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153927"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Godfred Agongo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, C K Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana and Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C K Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana","Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, C K Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana and Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C K Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153927"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142844","https://openalex.org/I4210159584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008859772","display_name":"Francesc Xavier G\u00f3mez-Oliv\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-0848","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-0848"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107858","display_name":"Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System","ror":"https://ror.org/01vga2998","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145","https://openalex.org/I4210107858"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Xavier G\u00f3mez-Oliv\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAMRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I192619145","https://openalex.org/I4210107858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053842774","display_name":"Reneilwe Given Mashaba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-2325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-2325"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90546491","display_name":"University of Limpopo","ror":"https://ror.org/017p87168","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90546491"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reneilwe Given Mashaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dikgale Mamabolo Mothiba (DIMAMO) Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dikgale Mamabolo Mothiba (DIMAMO) Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90546491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043513022","display_name":"Martin D. Tobin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-7874","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-7874"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin D. Tobin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069682795","display_name":"Anna L. Guyatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-6337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-6337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna L. Guyatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-6337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005330224","display_name":"Lisa Kim Micklesfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-0779","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-0779"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa K. Micklesfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["SAMRC/Wits Ageing African Adult Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SAMRC/Wits Ageing African Adult Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122930034"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10051","display_name":"Asthma and respiratory diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease","display_name":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-restriction","display_name":"lung restriction","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-function","display_name":"lung function","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spirometry","display_name":"spirometry","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fev1-fvc-ratio","display_name":"FEV1/FVC ratio","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copd-prevalence","display_name":"COPD prevalence","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burkina-faso","display_name":"Burkina Faso","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis","display_name":"tuberculosis","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertension","display_name":"hypertension","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-based-cohort-study","display_name":"population-based cohort","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adults-aged-40-and-over","display_name":"adults aged 40 and over","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fev1","display_name":"FEV1","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fvc","display_name":"FVC","score":0.9470000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9135000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776780178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199804","display_name":"COPD","level":2,"score":0.836899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780333948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653305","display_name":"Spirometry","level":3,"score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.710099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55520419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660995","display_name":"Vital capacity","level":5,"score":0.692799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.5558000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27101514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206120","display_name":"Lung volumes","level":3,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75603125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1877462","display_name":"Pulmonary function testing","level":2,"score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777104659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3508797","display_name":"Obstructive lung disease","level":3,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung function","level":3,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776178081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546","display_name":"Respiratory disease","level":3,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.22.26363668.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42818151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42818151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13622355","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13622355/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.26363668","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/23/2026.09.22.26363668.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1707895891","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIHR203327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2446988200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIHR203327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2634299159","display_name":"Genomic Epidemiology and Public Health Genomics","funder_award_id":"218505","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G708390073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WT 225221/Z/22/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7340365366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIHR203327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336903","funder_display_name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7529058720","display_name":"Genomic Epidemiology and Public Health Genomics","funder_award_id":"218505/Z/19/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G874402259","display_name":"AWI-Gen Phase 2: Genomic and environmental risk factors for cardiometabolic disease in Africans","funder_award_id":"U54HG006938","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","funder_display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314707","display_name":"Government of the United Kingdom","ror":"https://ror.org/05wnh3t63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319994","display_name":"Department of Health and Social Care","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbpja79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320672","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336903","display_name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05xqxa525"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00baak391"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214067430.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214067430.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1231180502","https://openalex.org/W1510319286","https://openalex.org/W1583842385","https://openalex.org/W1875971391","https://openalex.org/W1963051245","https://openalex.org/W1998166164","https://openalex.org/W2018759545","https://openalex.org/W2086445801","https://openalex.org/W2104296561","https://openalex.org/W2104902995","https://openalex.org/W2108678383","https://openalex.org/W2114670423","https://openalex.org/W2116141140","https://openalex.org/W2129546035","https://openalex.org/W2130509783","https://openalex.org/W2145153937","https://openalex.org/W2149275393","https://openalex.org/W2149951188","https://openalex.org/W2155767904","https://openalex.org/W2159023426","https://openalex.org/W2159272817","https://openalex.org/W2401306489","https://openalex.org/W2530350608","https://openalex.org/W2557419261","https://openalex.org/W2560495375","https://openalex.org/W2587106148","https://openalex.org/W2593574693","https://openalex.org/W2760526339","https://openalex.org/W2783284840","https://openalex.org/W2788443790","https://openalex.org/W2789585393","https://openalex.org/W2883070753","https://openalex.org/W2894074706","https://openalex.org/W2908514918","https://openalex.org/W2947236019","https://openalex.org/W2980435936","https://openalex.org/W2981067716","https://openalex.org/W2981158969","https://openalex.org/W2984453596","https://openalex.org/W3031066450","https://openalex.org/W3042633628","https://openalex.org/W3096461400","https://openalex.org/W3099262250","https://openalex.org/W3188062322","https://openalex.org/W4211263216","https://openalex.org/W4212957260","https://openalex.org/W4213425083","https://openalex.org/W4213452701","https://openalex.org/W4285006006","https://openalex.org/W4322758476","https://openalex.org/W4360989948","https://openalex.org/W4387293743","https://openalex.org/W4387823517","https://openalex.org/W4389452727","https://openalex.org/W4400111555","https://openalex.org/W4401830683","https://openalex.org/W4403449070","https://openalex.org/W4405064512","https://openalex.org/W4407095797","https://openalex.org/W4410579072","https://openalex.org/W4416108861","https://openalex.org/W7123829839","https://openalex.org/W7155033515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3205606643","https://openalex.org/W1793351415","https://openalex.org/W3031066450","https://openalex.org/W3196201981","https://openalex.org/W2254275826","https://openalex.org/W4206085179","https://openalex.org/W4386699263","https://openalex.org/W1581372947","https://openalex.org/W7140584831","https://openalex.org/W2116459994"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Population-based":[2],"spirometry":[3,32],"data":[4],"from":[5,24,43,55,131],"sub-Saharan":[6,308],"Africa":[7,54],"remain":[8],"limited.":[9],"We":[10,30,59,100],"characterised":[11],"lung":[12,19,91,109,122,147,205,265,283],"function,":[13],"chronic":[14],"obstructive":[15],"pulmonary":[16],"disease":[17],"(COPD),":[18],"restriction":[20,92,148,206,266,284],"and":[21,52,78,90,116,121,128,133,146,172,178,195,213,217,233,239,282,289,295],"associated":[22,107,161,185,202,221,243,262],"factors":[23,106],"two":[25],"Sub-Saharan":[26],"African":[27,287],"countries.":[28],"Methods":[29],"performed":[31],"using":[33],"ndd":[34],"Easy":[35],"On-PC":[36],"spirometers":[37],"among":[38],"adults":[39],"aged":[40],"\u226540":[41],"years":[42],"population-based":[44,301],"cohorts":[45],"in":[46,49,72,280,307],"four":[47],"communities":[48],"Burkina":[50],"Faso":[51],"South":[53],"January":[56],"2019\u2013April":[57],"2022.":[58],"included":[60],"1,619":[61],"participants":[62],"(936":[63],"women,":[64],"683":[65],"men)":[66],"with":[67,97,108,162,186,203,222,244,263,293],"repeatable":[68],"forced":[69,79],"expiratory":[70],"volume":[71],"one":[73],"second":[74],"(FEV":[75,112],"1":[76,88,95,113,118,127,175,180,198,216,236],")":[77],"vital":[80],"capacity":[81],"(FVC).":[82],"COPD":[83,120,136,166,188,224,246,281],"was":[84,138,150,160,184,201,220,261],"defined":[85],"as":[86,93],"FEV":[87,94,117,126,174,179,197,215,235],"/FVC<0.70":[89],"/FVC\u22650.70,":[96],"FVC<80%":[98],"predicted.":[99],"used":[101],"multivariable":[102],"models":[103],"to":[104,303],"test":[105],"function":[110],"measurements":[111],",":[114,176],"FVC":[115,129,177,232],"/FVC),":[119],"restriction.":[123],"Results":[124],"Median":[125],"ranged":[130],"1.940\u20132.273L":[132],"2.521\u20132.883L,":[134],"respectively.":[135],"prevalence":[137,149,285],"16.1%":[139],"(95%":[140,152],"CI":[141,153,170,193,211,229,251,256,271],"14.4\u201318.0;":[142],"site":[143,155],"range":[144,156],"10.8%\u201324.5%)":[145],"21.3%":[151],"19.4\u201323.4;":[154],"11.3%\u201336.2%).":[157],"Prior":[158],"tuberculosis":[159],"higher":[163,187,204,234,245,264],"odds":[164,189,207,225,247,267],"of":[165],"(OR":[167,190,208,226,248,268],"2.86,":[168],"95%":[169,192,210,228,250,255,270],"1.75\u20134.59)":[171],"lower":[173,196,214,223,231],"/FVC.":[181,199,237],"HIV":[182],"infection":[183],"1.67,":[191],"1.01\u20132.72)":[194],"Hypertension":[200],"1.46,":[209],"1.07\u20132.00)":[212],"FVC.":[218],"Diabetes":[219],"0.50,":[227],"0.24\u20130.94),":[230],"Ever-smoking":[238],"older":[240,259],"age":[241,260],"were":[242],"2.21,":[249],"1.48\u20133.32;":[252],"OR":[253],"1.05,":[254],"1.03\u20131.07,":[257],"respectively);":[258],"1.02,":[269],"1.00\u20131.04).":[272],"Conclusion":[273],"This":[274],"multisite":[275],"study":[276],"highlights":[277],"substantial":[278],"heterogeneity":[279],"across":[286],"populations":[288],"identifies":[290],"respiratory":[291,305],"multimorbidity":[292],"infectious":[294],"cardiometabolic":[296],"conditions.":[297],"These":[298],"findings":[299],"provide":[300],"evidence":[302],"inform":[304],"surveillance":[306],"Africa.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}
