{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214066733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x50r5w","title":"Sparse validation can mask process errors in urban flood modelling: evidence from large multimodal model-assisted video observations","display_name":"Sparse validation can mask process errors in urban flood modelling: evidence from large multimodal model-assisted video observations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214066733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x50r5w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x50r5w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x50r5w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x50r5w","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15127/download/26240/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15127/download/26240/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102635258","display_name":"Shunan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4072-6799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4072-6799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["CN","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , Dresden University of Technology , Helmholtzstr. 10 , 01069 Dresden , Germany","School of Infrastructure Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4072-6799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , Dresden University of Technology , Helmholtzstr. 10 , 01069 Dresden , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Infrastructure Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152570581","display_name":"Heng Lyu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NingBo Institute of Dalian University of Technology , Ningbo , China","School of Infrastructure Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NingBo Institute of Dalian University of Technology , Ningbo , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Infrastructure Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093280990","display_name":"Anette Etner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anette Etner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056451074","display_name":"Pedro Zamboni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-3621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-3621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Zamboni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , Dresden University of Technology , Helmholtzstr. 10 , 01069 Dresden , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , Dresden University of Technology , Helmholtzstr. 10 , 01069 Dresden , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152515929","display_name":"Nan Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Municipal Public Security Bureau , Dalian , 116000 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Municipal Public Security Bureau , Dalian , 116000 , China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159001588","display_name":"Jiaxing Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Municipal Public Security Bureau , Dalian , 116000 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Municipal Public Security Bureau , Dalian , 116000 , China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152516996","display_name":"Chi Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Infrastructure Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Infrastructure Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , 116024 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11119","display_name":"Urban Stormwater Management Solutions","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-flood-modelling","display_name":"urban flood modelling","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-validation","display_name":"model validation","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-observations","display_name":"sparse observations","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-fidelity","display_name":"process fidelity","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mike-flood","display_name":"MIKE FLOOD","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cumulative-rainfall","display_name":"cumulative rainfall","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dalian","display_name":"Dalian","score":0.7059999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.7768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6581000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5460077","display_name":"Flood risk assessment","level":3,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126197015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586683","display_name":"Hydrological modelling","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88871306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208287","display_name":"Point process","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31223/x50r5w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x50r5w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x50r5w","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15127/download/26240/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EA:id:15127","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15127/download/26240/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402614","display_name":"EarthArXiv (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EarthArXiv","raw_type":"PREPRINTS"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x50r5w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x50r5w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x50r5w","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15127/download/26240/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.9333000183105469,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8432076866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52309005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214066733.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214066733.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1594070297","https://openalex.org/W1991921673","https://openalex.org/W2001345576","https://openalex.org/W2020789751","https://openalex.org/W2075453825","https://openalex.org/W2079387008","https://openalex.org/W2130089609","https://openalex.org/W2268895528","https://openalex.org/W2303083012","https://openalex.org/W2530568379","https://openalex.org/W2532304287","https://openalex.org/W2749069611","https://openalex.org/W2903993582","https://openalex.org/W2913665514","https://openalex.org/W2921686029","https://openalex.org/W2991967052","https://openalex.org/W2994171263","https://openalex.org/W3024621083","https://openalex.org/W3081672540","https://openalex.org/W3086498997","https://openalex.org/W3096107141","https://openalex.org/W3117506853","https://openalex.org/W3120684430","https://openalex.org/W3180785510","https://openalex.org/W3190180270","https://openalex.org/W3196330507","https://openalex.org/W4205702597","https://openalex.org/W4212763249","https://openalex.org/W4295681625","https://openalex.org/W4306174732","https://openalex.org/W4387529703","https://openalex.org/W4392821036","https://openalex.org/W4396693933","https://openalex.org/W4399049283","https://openalex.org/W4400262305","https://openalex.org/W4401585369","https://openalex.org/W4404039670","https://openalex.org/W4406618435","https://openalex.org/W4409120458","https://openalex.org/W4409375358","https://openalex.org/W4409590211","https://openalex.org/W4409734973","https://openalex.org/W4411176237","https://openalex.org/W4411967707","https://openalex.org/W7093089601","https://openalex.org/W7128683890","https://openalex.org/W7128712632","https://openalex.org/W7143321364","https://openalex.org/W7171931657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7135219856","https://openalex.org/W6885049986","https://openalex.org/W2073060807","https://openalex.org/W2530283131","https://openalex.org/W7203631641","https://openalex.org/W4323318461","https://openalex.org/W3204430205","https://openalex.org/W2970254067","https://openalex.org/W7131720715","https://openalex.org/W7048056190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"flood":[1,7,59,116,247],"models":[2,32,111,248],"support":[3],"drainage-system":[4],"planning":[5],"and":[6,20,49,80,90,103,105,118,130,135,163,215],"risk":[8],"management.":[9],"However,":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,43],"the":[13,28,51,125,182,189,203,209,213,242],"scarcity":[14],"of":[15,31,54,65,133,155,169,186,245],"monitoring":[16],"data,":[17],"model":[18,72,126,180],"calibration":[19,129],"validation":[21,131,229],"often":[22],"rely":[23],"on":[24],"sparse":[25,227],"observations,":[26],"leaving":[27],"process":[29,52,146],"fidelity":[30,53],"insufficiently":[33],"assessed.":[34],"Here,":[35],"we":[36],"used":[37],"large":[38],"multimodal":[39],"model-assisted":[40],"video":[41,141],"interpretation":[42],"derive":[44],"minute-level":[45],"ordinal":[46],"inundation":[47,92,99,235],"observations":[48,142],"evaluate":[50],"a":[55,62,68,153,167],"sparsely":[56],"calibrated":[57,74],"urban":[58,246],"model.":[60],"In":[61],"case":[63],"study":[64],"Dalian,":[66],"China,":[67],"1D\u20132D":[69],"MIKE":[70],"FLOOD":[71],"was":[73,150,161,166,194],"using":[75,82,86,249],"five":[76],"historical":[77],"peak-depth":[78,139,228],"estimates":[79],"validated":[81],"three,":[83],"then":[84],"evaluated":[85],"20,825":[87],"paired":[88],"simulated":[89],"video-derived":[91],"levels.":[93],"Direct":[94],"comparison":[95],"quantified":[96],"errors":[97,232],"in":[98,233],"occurrence,":[100],"timing,":[101],"severity,":[102],"duration,":[104],"two":[106],"Bayesian":[107],"cumulative":[108],"link":[109],"mixed":[110],"characterised":[112],"their":[113],"variation":[114],"across":[115,175],"phases":[117],"rainfall\u2013site":[119],"conditions.":[120],"Results":[121],"showed":[122],"that":[123,226],"although":[124],"achieved":[127],"low":[128],"RMSEs":[132],"0.107":[134],"0.084":[136],"m":[137],"against":[138],"references,":[140],"revealed":[143],"its":[144],"insufficient":[145],"fidelity.":[147],"Simulated":[148],"onset":[149],"delayed":[151],"by":[152],"median":[154,168],"28.5":[156],"min":[157,171],"where":[158],"visible":[159],"flooding":[160],"reproduced,":[162],"visible-inundation":[164],"duration":[165],"29.5":[170],"shorter":[172],"than":[173],"observed":[174],"all":[176],"segments.":[177],"The":[178],"phase":[179],"estimated":[181],"highest":[183],"underestimation":[184],"probability":[185],"73.6%":[187],"during":[188],"observation-defined":[190],"peak":[191],"phase.":[192],"Underestimation":[193],"also":[195],"more":[196],"likely":[197],"with":[198],"greater":[199],"rainfall":[200,214],"accumulation":[201],"over":[202],"preceding":[204],"30":[205],"min,":[206],"which":[207],"had":[208],"strongest":[210],"association":[211],"among":[212],"site":[216],"covariates":[217],"(conditional":[218],"odds":[219],"ratio":[220],"=":[221],"6.48).":[222],"These":[223],"findings":[224],"show":[225],"can":[230],"leave":[231],"street-scale":[234],"processes":[236],"undetected.":[237],"Future":[238],"studies":[239],"should":[240],"delineate":[241],"reliability":[243],"boundaries":[244],"process-informed":[250],"observations.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00"}