{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214050539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.24351","title":"Probing modified gravity with galaxy-cluster-lensed gravitational-wave time delays: impact of systematic effects","display_name":"Probing modified gravity with galaxy-cluster-lensed gravitational-wave time delays: impact of systematic effects","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214050539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.24351"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.24351","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24351","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.24351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.24351","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005298021","display_name":"Eleni Tsaprazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5082-4380","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5082-4380"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2746051580","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Sciences et Lettres","ror":"https://ror.org/013cjyk83","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800004676","display_name":"Observatoire de Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/029nkcm90","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I2800004676"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["FR","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsaprazi, Eleni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial Centre for Inference and Cosmology (ICIC) & Astrophysics group , Department of Physics , Imperial College , Blackett Laboratory , Prince Consort Road , London SW7 2AZ , UK","LUX , Observatoire de Paris , Universit\u00e9 PSL , Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , CNRS , 92190 Meudon , France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial Centre for Inference and Cosmology (ICIC) & Astrophysics group , Department of Physics , Imperial College , Blackett Laboratory , Prince Consort Road , London SW7 2AZ , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LUX , Observatoire de Paris , Universit\u00e9 PSL , Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 , CNRS , 92190 Meudon , France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I2800004676","https://openalex.org/I39804081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152449446","display_name":"Ettore Delpogetto","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Delpogetto, Ettore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi \" -Alma Mater Studiorum Universita di Bologna , via Piero Gobetti 93/2 , I-40129 Bologna , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi \" -Alma Mater Studiorum Universita di Bologna , via Piero Gobetti 93/2 , I-40129 Bologna , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011215269","display_name":"F. Marulli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-0303","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-0303"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marulli, Federico","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088360777","display_name":"Amandine M. C. Le Brun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-4594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-4594"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brun, Amandine M. C. Le","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.6215999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.6215999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.2572999894618988,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.07890000194311142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modified-gravity","display_name":"modified gravity","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-cluster-lensing","display_name":"galaxy cluster lensing","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-neutron-stars","display_name":"binary neutron stars","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightest-cluster-galaxies","display_name":"brightest cluster galaxies","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-of-sight-structure","display_name":"line-of-sight structure","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tests-of-general-relativity","display_name":"tests of general relativity","score":0.7870000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184665706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186310","display_name":"Halo","level":3,"score":0.7883999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7738000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.6218000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156055797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204107","display_name":"Galaxy cluster","level":3,"score":0.5968000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.5364999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190330329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035","display_name":"Gravitational wave","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68498078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185243","display_name":"Gravitational lens","level":4,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4156999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48387981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631379","display_name":"Galactic halo","level":4,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83160514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17512228","display_name":"Galaxy groups and clusters","level":4,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192887742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202","display_name":"Neutron star","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173974348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469893","display_name":"Fiducial marker","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201721","display_name":"Gravitational singularity","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38437897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7624558","display_name":"Strong gravitational lensing","level":5,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.24351","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24351","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.24351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05784457v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05784457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2026","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.24351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.24351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.24351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.24351","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24351","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.24351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2855536582","display_name":"PRObing GRAvity at Cosmological scalEs with relativistic RAY-tracing","funder_award_id":"ANR-23-CE31-0010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6599715199","display_name":"Astrophysics Consolidated Grant 2022 - 2025","funder_award_id":"ST/W000989/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7080048889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320283","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334292","display_name":"Observatoire de Paris, Universit\u00e9 de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334632","display_name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","ror":"https://ror.org/057g20z61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214050539.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214050539.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115735528","https://openalex.org/W2254131037","https://openalex.org/W2794335348","https://openalex.org/W3094413911","https://openalex.org/W3173064806","https://openalex.org/W4404573908","https://openalex.org/W7163018133","https://openalex.org/W7165050903","https://openalex.org/W7213391979"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213391979","https://openalex.org/W3049479491","https://openalex.org/W7117867297","https://openalex.org/W2893593856","https://openalex.org/W7126158291","https://openalex.org/W4245427779","https://openalex.org/W2342246379","https://openalex.org/W4407308843","https://openalex.org/W2048391857","https://openalex.org/W7110537632"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Strongly":[0],"lensed":[1],"gravitational":[2,218],"waves":[3],"provide":[4],"exceptionally":[5],"precise":[6],"measurements":[7],"of":[8,21,34,49,60,64,114,164,212,228],"relative":[9],"macroimage":[10,57],"arrival":[11],"times,":[12],"making":[13],"their":[14],"time":[15,220],"delays":[16,221],"a":[17,40,45,61,75,80,99],"promising":[18],"time-domain":[19],"probe":[20],"gravity":[22,138],"on":[23,31,105],"galaxy-cluster":[24],"scales.":[25],"This":[26],"precision":[27,104,226],"places":[28],"stringent":[29],"demands":[30],"the":[32,50,56,85,93,106,115,136,158,165,179,191,196,207,213],"control":[33],"lensing":[35],"systematic":[36,174],"effects.":[37],"We":[38],"present":[39],"proof-of-concept":[41],"pipeline":[42],"for":[43,84,209],"constraining":[44],"phenomenological":[46],"modification,":[47],"$D$,":[48],"galaxy":[51,88],"cluster":[52,71,77,87,146,166],"Weyl":[53],"potential":[54],"using":[55],"time-delay":[58,108],"span":[59],"simulated":[62],"sample":[63],"binary":[65],"neutron":[66],"star":[67],"(BNS)":[68],"sources":[69],"and":[70,79,118,123,131,148,169,194,198],"lenses":[72],"described":[73],"by":[74],"Navarro--Frenk--White":[76],"halo":[78,116,141,167],"singular":[81],"isothermal":[82],"sphere":[83],"brightest":[86],"(BCG).":[89],"Closure":[90],"tests":[91,227],"recover":[92],"injected":[94],"general-relativistic":[95],"(GR)":[96],"limit.":[97],"Adopting":[98],"fiducial":[100],"5":[101],"per":[102],"cent":[103],"reconstructed":[107],"span,":[109],"we":[110],"assess":[111],"controlled":[112],"mis-specifications":[113],"mass":[117,168],"concentration,":[119,170],"BCG":[120,192],"contribution,":[121],"source":[122,199],"lens":[124,197],"positions,":[125],"redshifts,":[126],"line-of-sight":[127,149],"environment,":[128],"projected":[129],"ellipticity":[130],"secondary":[132,143],"cluster-scale":[133,144],"structure.":[134],"Within":[135],"adopted":[137],"model,":[139],"neglecting":[140],"ellipticity,":[142],"structure,":[145],"mis-centring":[147],"perturbations":[150],"can":[151,222],"induce":[152],"significant,":[153],"strongly":[154],"configuration-dependent":[155],"biases":[156],"in":[157,190,195],"inferred":[159],"parameter":[160],"$D$.":[161],"Biased":[162],"estimates":[163],"as":[171,173,225],"well":[172],"BNS":[175],"source-position":[176],"errors":[177],"at":[178],"level":[180],"considered":[181],"here,":[182],"produce":[183],"significant":[184],"coherent":[185],"shifts.":[186],"By":[187],"contrast,":[188],"uncertainties":[189,215],"contribution":[193],"redshifts":[200],"are":[201],"comparatively":[202],"subdominant.":[203],"These":[204],"results":[205],"highlight":[206],"need":[208],"explicit":[210],"treatment":[211],"above":[214],"before":[216],"cluster-lensed":[217],"wave":[219],"be":[223],"used":[224],"gravity.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00"}