{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214023658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","title":"Effects of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury on Glial Cells in a Rat Model: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Effects of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury on Glial Cells in a Rat Model: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214023658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42883706","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13665061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27198457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151228011","display_name":"Natalia Gajocha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79833322","display_name":"Pomeranian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v1rak05","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Gajocha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089006054","display_name":"Danuta Izabela Kosik-Bogacka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-5493","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-5493"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79833322","display_name":"Pomeranian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v1rak05","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danuta Kosik-Bogacka","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061995088","display_name":"Katarzyna Piotrowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4472-0830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4472-0830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79833322","display_name":"Pomeranian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v1rak05","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katarzyna Piotrowska","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4472-0830","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089006054"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45666667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"19","first_page":"8457","last_page":"8457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14072","display_name":"Immunotoxicology and immune responses","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10915","display_name":"Trace Elements in Health","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadmium","display_name":"cadmium","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mercury","display_name":"mercury","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-neurotoxicity","display_name":"heavy metal neurotoxicity","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glial-cells","display_name":"glial cells","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-oxygen-species","display_name":"reactive oxygen species","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier","display_name":"blood-brain barrier","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circadian-regulation","display_name":"circadian regulation","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melatonin","display_name":"melatonin","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rat-model","display_name":"rat model","score":0.5649999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779491297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3338704","display_name":"Neurotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.8546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109316439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246181","display_name":"Cytotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.5802000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777777548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206040","display_name":"Mercury (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48349386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species","level":2,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544657597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091","display_name":"Cadmium","level":2,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545706735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9404","display_name":"Nervous system","level":2,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778182776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180912","display_name":"Melatonin","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910804846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Chemical toxicity","level":3,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780358027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407752","display_name":"Neurotoxin","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189014844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189118","display_name":"Cell type","level":3,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778302132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4215775","display_name":"Metal toxicity","level":3,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777542381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502961","display_name":"Astrocyte","level":3,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780884517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177105","display_name":"Neuroglia","level":3,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994604686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell function","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172268261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4764988","display_name":"Animal studies","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777921445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203850","display_name":"Nervous tissue","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780369685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5058184","display_name":"Cell damage","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002104","descriptor_name":"Cadmium","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002490","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002490","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004785","descriptor_name":"Environmental Pollutants","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007854","descriptor_name":"Lead","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008628","descriptor_name":"Mercury","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009457","descriptor_name":"Neuroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009457","descriptor_name":"Neuroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009457","descriptor_name":"Neuroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017382","descriptor_name":"Reactive Oxygen Species","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018384","descriptor_name":"Oxidative Stress","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27198457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202609.0728.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0728.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0728.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13665061","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13665061/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13665061/pdf/ijms-27-08457.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Mol Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42883706","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42883706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of molecular sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27198457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27198457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214023658.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214023658.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W222374937","https://openalex.org/W1480063627","https://openalex.org/W1491683023","https://openalex.org/W1963672952","https://openalex.org/W1971079082","https://openalex.org/W1985325299","https://openalex.org/W1997385303","https://openalex.org/W2001370999","https://openalex.org/W2014442953","https://openalex.org/W2019538882","https://openalex.org/W2027039149","https://openalex.org/W2030871274","https://openalex.org/W2031929648","https://openalex.org/W2036537368","https://openalex.org/W2040330912","https://openalex.org/W2049309697","https://openalex.org/W2051094052","https://openalex.org/W2056097881","https://openalex.org/W2077183808","https://openalex.org/W2077355854","https://openalex.org/W2087630663","https://openalex.org/W2088325460","https://openalex.org/W2100625035","https://openalex.org/W2105433251","https://openalex.org/W2121946080","https://openalex.org/W2127688350","https://openalex.org/W2143087679","https://openalex.org/W2155225573","https://openalex.org/W2156088512","https://openalex.org/W2559607330","https://openalex.org/W2562123526","https://openalex.org/W2581959555","https://openalex.org/W2594904659","https://openalex.org/W2801784805","https://openalex.org/W2890253307","https://openalex.org/W2903597015","https://openalex.org/W2924133136","https://openalex.org/W2968768229","https://openalex.org/W2978084327","https://openalex.org/W3008535867","https://openalex.org/W3021193787","https://openalex.org/W3023856712","https://openalex.org/W3033624016","https://openalex.org/W3082445321","https://openalex.org/W3091912339","https://openalex.org/W3092762097","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3127341444","https://openalex.org/W3127748812","https://openalex.org/W3132583700","https://openalex.org/W3152719213","https://openalex.org/W3215579992","https://openalex.org/W4200161653","https://openalex.org/W4214938659","https://openalex.org/W4223923101","https://openalex.org/W4281718647","https://openalex.org/W4318695213","https://openalex.org/W4376132463","https://openalex.org/W4386782330","https://openalex.org/W4390661899","https://openalex.org/W4390665761","https://openalex.org/W4396523958","https://openalex.org/W4407328727","https://openalex.org/W4414123274","https://openalex.org/W4417317148"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001388457","https://openalex.org/W2434616454","https://openalex.org/W7218316982","https://openalex.org/W4408745047","https://openalex.org/W4406100347","https://openalex.org/W3048939705","https://openalex.org/W3049549132","https://openalex.org/W832206625","https://openalex.org/W4403620347","https://openalex.org/W2981012009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"review":[1,55],"summarizes":[2],"the":[3,31,63,73,120,173,190,197],"effects":[4,71,192],"of":[5,170,176,193],"heavy":[6,66,177],"metals,":[7],"including":[8],"lead":[9],"(Pb),":[10],"mercury":[11],"(Hg),":[12],"and":[13,42,44,54,69,82,103,115,128,148,156,188],"cadmium":[14],"(Cd),":[15],"on":[16,27,72,196],"glial":[17,38,88,132,138],"cells":[18,139],"in":[19,57,131],"experimental":[20,161],"rat":[21],"models.":[22],"The":[23,46,59,134],"analysis":[24],"was":[25,84],"based":[26],"scientific":[28],"literature":[29,61],"from":[30],"PubMed":[32],"database,":[33],"using":[34],"keywords":[35],"related":[36],"to":[37,79,86,125,186],"cells,":[39],"lead,":[40],"mercury,":[41],"cadmium,":[43],"rats.":[45],"reviewed":[47,60],"studies":[48],"included":[49],"peer-reviewed":[50],"original":[51],"research":[52],"articles":[53],"papers":[56],"English.":[58],"highlights":[62],"mechanisms":[64,175],"underlying":[65],"metal-induced":[67,146],"neurotoxicity":[68],"their":[70],"central":[74],"nervous":[75,198],"system":[76],"(CNS).":[77],"Exposure":[78],"Pb,":[80],"Hg,":[81],"Cd":[83],"shown":[85],"influence":[87],"cell":[89],"function":[90],"by":[91],"promoting":[92],"oxidative":[93],"stress,":[94],"increasing":[95],"reactive":[96],"oxygen":[97],"species":[98],"production,":[99],"enhancing":[100],"inflammatory":[101],"responses,":[102],"disrupting":[104],"blood-brain":[105],"barrier":[106],"integrity.":[107],"These":[108,122],"metals":[109],"may":[110],"also":[111],"affect":[112],"circadian":[113],"regulation":[114],"alter":[116],"melatonin":[117],"distribution":[118],"within":[119],"CNS.":[121],"changes":[123],"contribute":[124],"morphological,":[126],"physiological,":[127],"developmental":[129],"alterations":[130,166],"cells.":[133],"findings":[135],"indicate":[136],"that":[137],"represent":[140],"a":[141],"valuable":[142],"model":[143],"for":[144,163,182],"investigating":[145],"cytotoxicity":[147],"neurotoxic":[149],"mechanisms.":[150],"Rat":[151],"strains":[152],"such":[153],"as":[154],"Sprague-Dawley":[155],"Wistar":[157],"are":[158],"widely":[159],"used":[160],"models":[162],"studying":[164],"CNS":[165],"throughout":[167],"different":[168],"stages":[169],"development.":[171],"Understanding":[172],"molecular":[174],"metal":[178],"toxicity":[179],"is":[180],"essential":[181],"developing":[183],"effective":[184],"strategies":[185],"prevent":[187],"mitigate":[189],"adverse":[191],"environmental":[194],"pollutants":[195],"system.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00"}