{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214005356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.22117","title":"LE4Mob: Towards Inductive, Distance-Aware and General-Purpose Location Embedding for Human Mobility Modelling","display_name":"LE4Mob: Towards Inductive, Distance-Aware and General-Purpose Location Embedding for Human Mobility Modelling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214005356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.22117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.22117","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22117","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.22117","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.22117","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087717914","display_name":"Xinglei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9824-7663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9824-7663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Xinglei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130786338","display_name":"Stephen Law","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3184-572X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3184-572X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Law, Stephen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100599785","display_name":"Zichao Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8975-875X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8975-875X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng, Zichao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom","The Alan Turing Institute , London , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute , London , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137005010","display_name":"Junyuan Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Junyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049267845","display_name":"Guangsheng Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-497X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-497X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong, Guangsheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075660642","display_name":"Tao Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-9813","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-9813","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-0280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space- TimeLab , Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering , University College London , London , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-embeddings","display_name":"location embeddings","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-learning","display_name":"inductive learning","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/next-location-prediction","display_name":"next location prediction","score":0.8930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.7283999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7060999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191485582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887309","display_name":"Mobility model","level":2,"score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778068325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19892785","display_name":"Individual mobility","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779136372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10283002","display_name":"Information flow","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988186277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5915793","display_name":"Location data","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.22117","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22117","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.22117","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.22117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.22117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.22117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.22117","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22117","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.22117","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.761900007724762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214005356.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214005356.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W7151542401","https://openalex.org/W7162415671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7114899856","https://openalex.org/W6929276674","https://openalex.org/W4386806342","https://openalex.org/W3091299274","https://openalex.org/W3135096059","https://openalex.org/W4416922122","https://openalex.org/W7126181255","https://openalex.org/W4384282026","https://openalex.org/W3173650575","https://openalex.org/W3169193436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Location":[0],"representations":[1,170],"provide":[2],"mobility":[3,25,46,64,107,116,176],"models":[4,153],"with":[5,144],"fundamental":[6],"information":[7,95],"about":[8],"the":[9,79,164],"spatial":[10,84],"position,":[11],"functional":[12],"characteristics,":[13],"and":[14,32,45,58,96,126,135,150],"relationships":[15],"of":[16,166],"places.":[17],"However,":[18],"existing":[19],"embeddings":[20,98],"are":[21],"often":[22],"dependent":[23],"on":[24,121,156],"observations,":[26],"unable":[27],"to":[28,35,82],"represent":[29],"unseen":[30,100],"locations,":[31],"weakly":[33],"constrained":[34],"retain":[36],"geographic":[37,88],"distance.":[38],"This":[39],"limits":[40],"their":[41],"reuse":[42],"across":[43,114,132],"datasets":[44,134],"tasks.":[47,117],"To":[48],"address":[49],"these":[50],"limitations,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"LE4Mob,":[54],"an":[55],"inductive,":[56],"distance-aware,":[57,167],"geography-derived":[59,168],"location":[60,124,159,169],"embedding":[61,80],"framework":[62],"for":[63,99,174],"modelling.":[65,177],"LE4Mob":[66,90,120,140],"extends":[67],"contrastive":[68],"language-location":[69],"pre-training":[70],"while":[71],"introducing":[72],"a":[73],"distance-aware":[74],"regularisation":[75],"objective":[76],"that":[77,139],"encourages":[78],"space":[81],"preserve":[83],"relationships.":[85],"Pre-trained":[86],"from":[87,105],"context,":[89],"can":[91],"encode":[92],"rich":[93],"spatial-semantic":[94],"generate":[97],"locations":[101],"inductively.":[102],"Its":[103],"independence":[104],"downstream":[106,152],"task":[108],"supervision":[109],"also":[110],"makes":[111],"it":[112],"transferable":[113],"different":[115],"We":[118],"evaluate":[119],"individual-level":[122],"next":[123],"prediction":[125],"population-level":[127],"commuter":[128],"flow":[129],"generation.":[130],"Experiments":[131],"multiple":[133],"study":[136],"areas":[137],"show":[138],"outperforms":[141],"strong":[142],"baselines,":[143],"particular":[145],"advantages":[146],"in":[147],"inductive":[148],"settings":[149],"when":[151],"rely":[154],"directly":[155],"interactions":[157],"between":[158],"embeddings.":[160],"These":[161],"findings":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"potential":[165],"as":[171],"reusable":[172],"foundations":[173],"human":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00"}