{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214004392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","title":"Maternal serum vitamin D levels and preeclampsia among Kenyan pregnant women: A matched case-control study","display_name":"Maternal serum vitamin D levels and preeclampsia among Kenyan pregnant women: A matched case-control study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214004392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42771637","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13596797"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358781&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358781&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004046542","display_name":"Kimbley Asaso Omwodo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5786-7997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5786-7997"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799949656","display_name":"Nairobi Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00rds0p35","country_code":"KE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799949656"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimbley Asaso Omwodo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nairobi 00100 The Nairobi Hospital"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5786-7997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nairobi 00100 The Nairobi Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799949656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121826646","display_name":"Joy Njoki Kimani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147168166","display_name":"Moi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p6eac84","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147168166"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joy Njoki Kimani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reproductive Health Eldoret Uasin Gishu County 30100 Moi University College of Health Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reproductive Health Eldoret Uasin Gishu County 30100 Moi University College of Health Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147168166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121759357","display_name":"Kuboi Nicodemus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4557-8566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4557-8566"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuboi Nicodemus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology Eldoret 30100 Eldoret Oncology Associates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4557-8566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology Eldoret 30100 Eldoret Oncology Associates","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121770317","display_name":"David Mbugua Kioko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Mbugua Kioko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, Eldoret 30100 Eldoret Oncology Associates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, Eldoret 30100 Eldoret Oncology Associates","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079309931","display_name":"Antoniya Georgieva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5543-6683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5543-6683"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802742124","display_name":"John Radcliffe Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0080acb59","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802742124","https://openalex.org/I4210127145","https://openalex.org/I4210147381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoniya Georgieva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Women's Centre John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford England University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Women's Centre John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford England University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802742124","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68221158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"e0358781","last_page":"e0358781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10290","display_name":"Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10290","display_name":"Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10277","display_name":"Vitamin D Research Studies","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12464","display_name":"Neurological Complications and Syndromes","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preeclampsia","display_name":"preeclampsia","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-d-deficiency","display_name":"vitamin D deficiency","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/25-hydroxyvitamin-d","display_name":"25-hydroxyvitamin D","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy","display_name":"pregnancy","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-d-status","display_name":"vitamin D status","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-mortality","display_name":"maternal mortality","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-populations","display_name":"African populations","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-d-supplementation-in-pregnancy","display_name":"vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preeclampsia-prevention","display_name":"preeclampsia prevention","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preeclampsia-screening","display_name":"preeclampsia screening","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preeclampsia-risk-factors","display_name":"preeclampsia risk factors","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preeclampsia-pathophysiology","display_name":"preeclampsia pathophysiology","score":0.6430000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777218350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61335","display_name":"Preeclampsia","level":3,"score":0.9036999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.7354000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124490489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936963","display_name":"Vitamin D and neurology","level":2,"score":0.7249000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.6116999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779740938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4138762","display_name":"vitamin D deficiency","level":3,"score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46973012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28627","display_name":"Gestation","level":3,"score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776940978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956","display_name":"Vitamin","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778376644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111","display_name":"Gestational age","level":3,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781276381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552348","display_name":"Eclampsia","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29456083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899","display_name":"Gynecology","level":1,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19596443","display_name":"Conditional logistic regression","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011225","descriptor_name":"Pre-Eclampsia","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011225","descriptor_name":"Pre-Eclampsia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014807","descriptor_name":"Vitamin D","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014807","descriptor_name":"Vitamin D","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014808","descriptor_name":"Vitamin D Deficiency","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016017","descriptor_name":"Odds Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358781&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.12688/verixiv.2676.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/verixiv.2676.1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/verixiv.2676.1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42771637","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42771637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13596797","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42771637/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5c28c1b167614fa6bcb547c1f30be777","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5c28c1b167614fa6bcb547c1f30be777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 21, Iss 9, p e0358781 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358781","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358781&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS One","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4432595563","display_name":"Aga Khan University - to establish sustainable career pathways in Reproductive Maternal, Fetal and Newborn Health and Nutrition Sciences","funder_award_id":"INV-033705","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214004392.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214004392.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982649191","https://openalex.org/W2006917035","https://openalex.org/W2027685025","https://openalex.org/W2042373035","https://openalex.org/W2053839779","https://openalex.org/W2120686361","https://openalex.org/W2141791249","https://openalex.org/W2142104529","https://openalex.org/W2142286205","https://openalex.org/W2172037840","https://openalex.org/W2173148462","https://openalex.org/W2550907688","https://openalex.org/W2735260490","https://openalex.org/W2912478262","https://openalex.org/W2971896885","https://openalex.org/W2981197584","https://openalex.org/W3009679370","https://openalex.org/W3039052723","https://openalex.org/W3082943863","https://openalex.org/W3114532091","https://openalex.org/W3160565403","https://openalex.org/W3207420069","https://openalex.org/W4368275322","https://openalex.org/W4379143671","https://openalex.org/W4391514475","https://openalex.org/W4399301840","https://openalex.org/W4405704269","https://openalex.org/W4410590042","https://openalex.org/W4415609540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7161394154","https://openalex.org/W2909244149","https://openalex.org/W2969756544","https://openalex.org/W3208815922","https://openalex.org/W7220158974","https://openalex.org/W2767759495","https://openalex.org/W2956374361","https://openalex.org/W2059108950","https://openalex.org/W2031940281","https://openalex.org/W7161376948"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Preeclampsia":[1],"accounts":[2],"for":[3,195,262,278],"about":[4],"one":[5],"in":[6,11,47,54,152,178,219,228,259],"five":[7],"direct":[8],"maternal":[9,40,244],"deaths":[10],"Kenya.":[12,71],"Low":[13],"vitamin":[14,124,171,200,246,263,271],"D":[15,43,108,125,172,201,247,264,272],"levels":[16,173],"have":[17],"been":[18],"linked":[19],"to":[20,35],"its":[21],"pathophysiology.":[22],"Despite":[23],"this,":[24],"context\u2011specific":[25],"data":[26],"from":[27],"African":[28,283],"populations":[29],"remain":[30],"limited.":[31],"The":[32,121],"study":[33,62],"aimed":[34],"determine":[36],"the":[37,50],"association":[38,122,252],"between":[39,123],"serum":[41,147,220,245],"25-hydroxyvitamin":[42],"[25(OH)D]":[44],"concentrations":[45],"(nmol/L)":[46],"pregnancy":[48],"and":[49,68,93,101,127],"risk":[51],"of":[52,74,180,185,205],"preeclampsia":[53,91,128,153,181,206,229],"a":[55,225,250,275],"Kenyan":[56],"population.":[57],"METHODS:":[58],"A":[59,72],"matched":[60,97],"case-control":[61],"was":[63,105,110,129,149,222],"conducted":[64],"at":[65,82],"Moi":[66],"Teaching":[67],"Referral":[69],"Hospital,":[70],"total":[73],"118":[75],"women":[76,89,197],"with":[77,90,138,156,198,224,253],"confirmed":[78],"viable":[79],"intrauterine":[80],"pregnancies":[81],"\u226528":[83],"weeks'":[84],"gestation":[85],"were":[86,96,143,176],"analysed.":[87],"Fifty-nine":[88],"(cases)":[92],"59":[94],"controls":[95,157,186],"by":[98],"parity,":[99],"gestation,":[100],"age.":[102],"Serum":[103],"25(OH)D":[104,148,221],"quantified.":[106],"Vitamin":[107],"status":[109,126,248],"categorised":[111],"as":[112,274],"suboptimal":[113,199,243],"(<50":[114,174],"nmol/L)":[115,119,175],"or":[116],"sufficient":[117],"(\u226550":[118],"status.":[120,265],"assessed":[130],"using":[131],"conditional":[132,191],"logistic":[133,192],"regression.":[134],"Odds":[135],"ratios":[136],"(ORs)":[137],"95%":[139,209,233],"confidence":[140],"intervals":[141],"(CIs)":[142],"presented.":[144],"RESULTS:":[145],"Median":[146],"significantly":[150],"lower":[151],"cases":[154,182],"compared":[155],"[67.1":[158],"nmol/L":[159,165,217],"(interquartile":[160],"range":[161],"47.8-84.0)":[162],"vs.":[163],"77.6":[164],"(62.4-99.7);":[166],"P":[167,212,236],"=":[168,188,213,237],"0.001].":[169],"Suboptimal":[170],"observed":[177],"32.2%":[179],"versus":[183],"6.8%":[184],"(P":[187],"0.002).":[189],"In":[190,240],"regression":[193],"accounting":[194],"matching,":[196],"had":[202],"higher":[203],"odds":[204,230],"(OR":[207,231],"8.0;":[208],"CI:":[210,234],"1.84-34.78;":[211],"0.006).":[214],"Each":[215],"10":[216],"decrease":[218],"associated":[223],"29%":[226],"increase":[227],"1.29;":[232],"1.09-1.54;":[235],"0.004).":[238],"CONCLUSIONS:":[239],"this":[241],"study,":[242],"demonstrated":[249],"significant":[251],"preeclampsia.":[254,279],"There":[255],"is":[256],"potential":[257],"value":[258],"antenatal":[260],"screening":[261],"Findings":[266],"support":[267],"further":[268],"research":[269],"into":[270],"supplementation":[273],"preventive":[276],"intervention":[277],"TRIAL":[280],"REGISTRATION:":[281],"Pan":[282],"Clinical":[284],"Trial":[285],"Registry":[286],"(PACTR202505516303679).":[287]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00"}