{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213907795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.20975","title":"Image-Derived PM10 Estimation in Cattle Feedlot Using Machine Learning: Addressing Concentration Ranges Beyond Existing Digital Imaging Methods","display_name":"Image-Derived PM10 Estimation in Cattle Feedlot Using Machine Learning: Addressing Concentration Ranges Beyond Existing Digital Imaging Methods","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213907795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.20975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.20975","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20975","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.20975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.20975","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093656878","display_name":"Sirapoom Peanusaha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peanusaha, Sirapoom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109627420","display_name":"Greg B. Ferguson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1299-8860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1299-8860"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferguson, Greg B.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073253894","display_name":"Kevin Jack Bush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9320-3591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9320-3591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bush, K. Jack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074344655","display_name":"Peiyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9382-9261","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9382-9261"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Peiyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America","Texas A&M University , Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , College Station , TX 77843 United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University , Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , College Station , TX 77843 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006808514","display_name":"Brent W. Auvermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6506-2921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6506-2921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Auvermann, Brent W.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America","Texas A&M University , Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , College Station , TX 77843 United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M AgriLife High Plains Research and Extension Center , 3211 Russell Long Blvd. , Canyon , TX 79015 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University , Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , College Station , TX 77843 United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedlot","display_name":"feedlot","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dust-monitoring","display_name":"dust monitoring","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-zenith-angle","display_name":"solar zenith angle","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779329348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400937","display_name":"Feedlot","level":2,"score":0.6474000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5339000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776476923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7725","display_name":"Evening","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776573159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556691","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779705975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62927","display_name":"Digital camera","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208989","display_name":"Beef cattle","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26834552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3275846","display_name":"Analyser","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777675136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835642","display_name":"TOPS","level":3,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.20975","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20975","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.20975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.20975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.20975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.20975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.20975","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20975","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.20975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6735000014305115}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309442","display_name":"Lamar University","ror":"https://ror.org/008ms5s18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213907795.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213907795.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980038079","https://openalex.org/W1982208526","https://openalex.org/W1988310299","https://openalex.org/W2000212401","https://openalex.org/W2030125224","https://openalex.org/W2074944270","https://openalex.org/W2107528792","https://openalex.org/W2167363634","https://openalex.org/W2230819513","https://openalex.org/W2255698143","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2325259075","https://openalex.org/W2328260757","https://openalex.org/W2417369947","https://openalex.org/W2889814654","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2934533499","https://openalex.org/W2984626784","https://openalex.org/W3003732468","https://openalex.org/W3010310735","https://openalex.org/W3015407791","https://openalex.org/W3046220160","https://openalex.org/W3107740367","https://openalex.org/W3164576244","https://openalex.org/W3183189319","https://openalex.org/W4206901711","https://openalex.org/W4214878494","https://openalex.org/W4252862198","https://openalex.org/W4281759429","https://openalex.org/W4315706026","https://openalex.org/W4319442249","https://openalex.org/W4386825949","https://openalex.org/W4388599663","https://openalex.org/W4389627362","https://openalex.org/W4394843983","https://openalex.org/W4404537648","https://openalex.org/W4406610643","https://openalex.org/W4415221940","https://openalex.org/W7130513177","https://openalex.org/W7139910937","https://openalex.org/W7155108282","https://openalex.org/W7155709227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074944270","https://openalex.org/W4205203072","https://openalex.org/W2153668591","https://openalex.org/W2012217216","https://openalex.org/W1980038079","https://openalex.org/W4417027125","https://openalex.org/W2230819513","https://openalex.org/W7155108282","https://openalex.org/W3009106599","https://openalex.org/W7204993159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Affordable":[0],"dust":[1,88,199],"monitoring":[2],"remains":[3,201],"a":[4,59,141],"pressing":[5],"need":[6],"for":[7,204,232],"the":[8,32,86,125,131,158,187,193,196,210],"cattle":[9,61],"feedlot":[10,197,236],"industry,":[11],"yet":[12],"camera-based":[13],"PM":[14,217],"estimation,":[15],"despite":[16],"its":[17],"growing":[18],"body":[19],"of":[20,37,138,145,195,212],"research":[21],"in":[22,58,181,224,235],"urban":[23,226],"air":[24],"quality":[25],"settings,":[26],"has":[27],"not":[28],"been":[29],"evaluated":[30],"under":[31],"extended":[33],"concentration":[34,218],"ranges":[35,219],"characteristic":[36],"intensive":[38],"livestock":[39],"operations.":[40],"This":[41],"study":[42],"developed":[43],"an":[44,136,202],"image-based":[45,213],"approach":[46],"using":[47],"contrast":[48],"panel":[49,94,99,169,177],"features":[50,92],"and":[51,73,91,97,102,118,140,165,228],"machine":[52],"learning":[53],"to":[54,70,78,163,179],"estimate":[55],"PM10":[56,66,182,214],"concentrations":[57,75],"commercial":[60],"feedlot,":[62],"where":[63],"hourly":[64],"average":[65],"ranged":[67],"from":[68,115,157],"250":[69],"1,000":[71],"ug/m^-3":[72],"instantaneous":[74],"reached":[76],"5,000":[77],"20,000":[79],"ug/m^-3.":[80,147],"Grayscale":[81],"images":[82,117],"were":[83,106,172],"captured":[84],"during":[85,186],"evening":[87,198],"peak":[89],"period,":[90],"including":[93],"contrast,":[95],"black":[96,168],"white":[98,176],"pixel":[100,170],"values,":[101],"overall":[103],"image":[104],"brightness":[105],"extracted.":[107],"The":[108],"model":[109],"also":[110],"incorporated":[111],"recent":[112],"past":[113],"values":[114,171,178],"preceding":[116],"solar":[119],"zenith":[120],"angle":[121],"as":[122],"predictors.":[123],"Among":[124],"candidate":[126],"models":[127],"evaluated,":[128],"XGBoost":[129],"achieved":[130],"highest":[132],"predictive":[133],"performance,":[134],"with":[135,192],"R^2":[137],"0.792":[139],"median":[142],"absolute":[143],"error":[144],"103":[146],"Feature":[148],"importance":[149],"analysis":[150],"revealed":[151],"that":[152,167],"(a)":[153],"panels":[154],"positioned":[155],"farthest":[156],"camera":[159],"contributed":[160],"most":[161],"strongly":[162],"predictions":[164],"(b)":[166],"more":[173],"sensitive":[174],"than":[175],"changes":[180],"concentration.":[183],"Prediction":[184],"accuracy":[185],"sunset":[188],"transition,":[189],"which":[190],"coincides":[191],"onset":[194],"peak,":[200],"area":[203],"further":[205],"refinement.":[206],"These":[207],"findings":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"feasibility":[211],"estimation":[215],"across":[216],"substantially":[220],"exceeding":[221],"those":[222],"reported":[223],"prior":[225],"studies":[227],"provide":[229],"practical":[230],"guidelines":[231],"future":[233],"deployment":[234],"environments.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00"}