{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213899358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448","title":"Transformer-Based Solar Irradiance Forecasting Model for Coastal and Microclimate-Sensitive Areas of First District of Batangas","display_name":"Transformer-Based Solar Irradiance Forecasting Model for Coastal and Microclimate-Sensitive Areas of First District of Batangas","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213899358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19184448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055589128","display_name":"Jeffrey S. Sarmiento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-7181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-7181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3516337","display_name":"Batangas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/019en2y21","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3516337"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey S. Sarmiento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Batangas State University, The National Engineering University, Alangilan, Batangas City 4200, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-7181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Batangas State University, The National Engineering University, Alangilan, Batangas City 4200, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3516337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039609778","display_name":"Dylan Josh Domingo Lopez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-1013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-1013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","display_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ws377","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95350115","display_name":"Technological Institute of the Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/02p79p790","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95350115"]}],"countries":["PH","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dylan Josh D. Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan","Quantum and Intelligent Systems Laboratory for Power Engineering (QISLaP), Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila 1001, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-1013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum and Intelligent Systems Laboratory for Power Engineering (QISLaP), Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila 1001, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95350115"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029480297","display_name":"Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2632-2003","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2632-2003"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95350115","display_name":"Technological Institute of the Philippines","ror":"https://ror.org/02p79p790","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95350115"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerard Francesco De Guzman Apolinario","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila 1001, Philippines","Quantum and Intelligent Systems Laboratory for Power Engineering (QISLaP), Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila 1001, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2632-2003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila 1001, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95350115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum and Intelligent Systems Laboratory for Power Engineering (QISLaP), Technological Institute of the Philippines, Manila 1001, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95350115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055589128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3516337"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"18","first_page":"4448","last_page":"4448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-irradiance-forecasting","display_name":"solar irradiance forecasting","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer-based-forecasting","display_name":"transformer-based forecasting","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaics","display_name":"photovoltaics","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-quantification","display_name":"uncertainty quantification","score":0.6179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.7706999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9695528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556707","display_name":"Solar irradiance","level":2,"score":0.7542999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7408999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.6531000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149277555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16491","display_name":"Daylight","level":2,"score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.445499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541104983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015","display_name":"Solar energy","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206887242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830457","display_name":"Cloud cover","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172461840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2575475","display_name":"Angstrom exponent","level":3,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170061395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468164","display_name":"Forecast skill","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151420433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180600","display_name":"Humidity","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170853661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193788","display_name":"Sunlight","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21001229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182868","display_name":"Weather forecasting","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19184448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f5519a9a278c49f4bd6e4ac89c30a7cf","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f5519a9a278c49f4bd6e4ac89c30a7cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energies, Vol 19, Iss 18, p 4448 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19184448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9090999960899353},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335589","display_name":"Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/056ezpj87"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2569349941","https://openalex.org/W4200550314","https://openalex.org/W4365457969","https://openalex.org/W4367598556","https://openalex.org/W4384816741","https://openalex.org/W4388288830","https://openalex.org/W4389903716","https://openalex.org/W4390175378","https://openalex.org/W4390690789","https://openalex.org/W4391754686","https://openalex.org/W4392619847","https://openalex.org/W4403818228","https://openalex.org/W4409964339","https://openalex.org/W4415215591","https://openalex.org/W7155562128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128734256","https://openalex.org/W7136854584","https://openalex.org/W7147241471","https://openalex.org/W7161291483","https://openalex.org/W4395667579","https://openalex.org/W4392619847","https://openalex.org/W4417169148","https://openalex.org/W7196952885","https://openalex.org/W7128724163","https://openalex.org/W7213077286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"solar":[1,10,130,232],"irradiance":[2,45,84,131,233],"forecasting":[3,21,88,132,194],"is":[4,46,65,243],"a":[5,57,128],"key":[6],"prerequisite":[7],"for":[8,103,113,228],"reliable":[9],"photovoltaic":[11],"(PV)":[12],"operation,":[13],"effective":[14],"energy":[15],"management,":[16],"and":[17,29,41,50,59,77,86,110,152,164,178,230,240,251],"system":[18],"optimization.":[19],"Conventional":[20],"methods,":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24],"historical":[25],"averaging,":[26],"persistence":[27,150],"models,":[28],"coarse-resolution":[30],"numerical":[31],"weather":[32],"prediction":[33,186],"outputs,":[34],"often":[35],"exhibit":[36],"limited":[37],"performance":[38,173,195],"in":[39,62,81,93,196,219],"coastal":[40,58,115,197,239],"microclimate-sensitive":[42,241],"environments":[43,116,198],"where":[44],"characterized":[47],"by":[48,68,125],"rapid":[49],"nonlinear":[51],"atmospheric":[52,106,216],"variability.":[53],"Batangas":[54,141],"District":[55,142],"1,":[56],"peninsular":[60],"region":[61],"the":[63,137,149,159,168,184,208,223,247],"Philippines,":[64],"particularly":[66,96],"influenced":[67],"sea\u2013land":[69],"breeze":[70],"circulation,":[71],"convective":[72],"cloud":[73],"development,":[74],"humidity":[75],"fluctuations,":[76],"aerosol":[78],"transport,":[79],"resulting":[80,185],"highly":[82,179],"non-stationary":[83],"patterns":[85],"persistent":[87],"errors.":[89],"Although":[90],"recent":[91],"advances":[92],"deep":[94],"learning,":[95],"Transformer-based":[97,129,226],"architectures,":[98],"have":[99],"demonstrated":[100,153],"strong":[101,154],"potential":[102,224],"modeling":[104],"complex":[105],"time-series,":[107],"locally":[108],"developed":[109],"validated":[111],"models":[112],"Philippine":[114],"remain":[117],"scarce.":[118],"Moreover,":[119],"this":[120,123],"study":[121],"addresses":[122],"gap":[124],"developing":[126],"FAT-Former,":[127],"algorithm":[133],"designed":[134],"to":[135,211,213,245],"capture":[136],"microclimatic":[138],"characteristics":[139],"of":[140,167,225],"1.":[143],"The":[144],"proposed":[145],"model":[146,203],"substantially":[147],"outperformed":[148],"benchmark":[151],"temporal":[155],"representation":[156],"capability,":[157],"achieving":[158],"lowest":[160],"mean":[161],"peak-time":[162],"error":[163],"preserving":[165],"101.30%":[166],"observed":[169],"variance.":[170],"However,":[171],"predictive":[172],"deteriorated":[174],"under":[175],"precipitation":[176],"events":[177],"variable":[180],"daylight":[181],"conditions,":[182],"while":[183],"intervals":[187],"exhibited":[188],"under-calibration.":[189],"These":[190],"findings":[191],"suggest":[192],"that":[193],"depends":[199],"not":[200],"only":[201],"on":[202,207],"complexity":[204],"but":[205],"also":[206],"model\u2019s":[209,248],"ability":[210],"adapt":[212],"rapidly":[214],"changing":[215],"regimes.":[217],"All":[218],"all,":[220],"FAT-Former":[221],"demonstrates":[222],"architectures":[227],"localized":[229],"uncertainty-aware":[231],"forecasting.":[234],"Further":[235],"evaluation":[236],"across":[237],"diverse":[238],"locations":[242],"recommended":[244],"assess":[246],"robustness,":[249],"transferability,":[250],"broader":[252],"generalizability.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00"}