{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213869889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","title":"R&D expenditure and nominal GDP growth in Uzbekistan: Exploratory evidence from first difference and distributed lag models","display_name":"R&D expenditure and nominal GDP growth in Uzbekistan: Exploratory evidence from first difference and distributed lag models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213869889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","pdf_url":"https://businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/25206/PPM_2026_03_Siddikova.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764989054","display_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","issn_l":"1727-7051","issn":["1727-7051","1810-5467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321069","host_organization_name":"Business Perspectives","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321069"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Business Perspectives"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/25206/PPM_2026_03_Siddikova.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093653021","display_name":"Sadokat Siddikova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2777-3933","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2777-3933"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258125","display_name":"Buxoro davlat texnika universiteti","ror":"https://ror.org/005ag3869","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258125"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadokat Siddikova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D., Professor, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Bukhara State Technical University, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2777-3933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D., Professor, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Bukhara State Technical University, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092469896","display_name":"Fozil Xolmurotov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-1832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-1832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255828","display_name":"Mamun University","ror":"https://ror.org/03fatne33","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255828"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fozil Xolmurotov","raw_affiliation_strings":["DSc., Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Mamun University, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-1832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DSc., Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Mamun University, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024895701","display_name":"\u041b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0440 \u041d\u0443\u0440\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0443\u0442\u0444\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-3185","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-3185"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258125","display_name":"Buxoro davlat texnika universiteti","ror":"https://ror.org/005ag3869","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258125"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lobar Nutfullaeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Techniques of Service Delivery, Bukhara State Technical University, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-3185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Techniques of Service Delivery, Bukhara State Technical University, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060080126","display_name":"Gulchehra Juraeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8710-3769","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8710-3769"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020809043","display_name":"Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov","ror":"https://ror.org/01bmg2a15","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020809043"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulchehra Juraeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Docent, Department of Techniques of Service Delivery, Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8710-3769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Docent, Department of Techniques of Service Delivery, Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020809043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092621810","display_name":"Berdibay Saparov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5868-7235","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5868-7235"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405275086","display_name":"Nukus State Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ym5cp77","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405275086"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berdibay Saparov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Labor and Technical Safety, Nukus State Technical University, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5868-7235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Labor and Technical Safety, Nukus State Technical University, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405275086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139029092","display_name":"Shuhrat Shavkat o\u02bbg\u02bbli Khudayberganov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9006-8998","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9006-8998"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14916453","display_name":"Urgench State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0593kfr97","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14916453"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhrat Khudayberganov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D., Head of the Master\u2019s Department, Urgench State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9006-8998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D., Head of the Master\u2019s Department, Urgench State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14916453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104425283","display_name":"Xolilla Xolmuratov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-1006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-1006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14916453","display_name":"Urgench State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0593kfr97","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14916453"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xolilla Xolmuratov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D., Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering Department, Technology Faculty, Urgen\u0441h State University, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-1006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D., Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering Department, Technology Faculty, Urgen\u0441h State University, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14916453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":685,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":738},"apc_paid":{"value":685,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":738},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"758\u2013773","last_page":"0"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.638700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.638700008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12722","display_name":"Innovation Policy and R&D","score":0.28369998931884766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.033399999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-intensity","display_name":"R&D intensity","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nominal-gdp-growth","display_name":"nominal GDP growth","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uzbekistan","display_name":"Uzbekistan","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transition-economies","display_name":"transition economies","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorptive-capacity","display_name":"absorptive capacity","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-efficiency","display_name":"R&D efficiency","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-sector-participation","display_name":"private sector participation","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-lag-models","display_name":"distributed lag models","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonstationarity","display_name":"non-stationarity","score":0.7210000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75778745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342626","display_name":"Lag","level":2,"score":0.7138000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.7045999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159009313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283159","display_name":"Distributed lag","level":2,"score":0.6729000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6449000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181683161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301159","display_name":"Real gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27574286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Variables","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","pdf_url":"https://businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/25206/PPM_2026_03_Siddikova.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764989054","display_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","issn_l":"1727-7051","issn":["1727-7051","1810-5467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321069","host_organization_name":"Business Perspectives","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321069"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Business Perspectives"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b8f0e06f237842f4946220afd237f68a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b8f0e06f237842f4946220afd237f68a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management, Vol 24, Iss 3, p 758\u2013773 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.24(3).2026.46","pdf_url":"https://businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/25206/PPM_2026_03_Siddikova.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764989054","display_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","issn_l":"1727-7051","issn":["1727-7051","1810-5467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321069","host_organization_name":"Business Perspectives","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321069"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Business Perspectives"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213869889.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213869889.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W396796759","https://openalex.org/W1572691573","https://openalex.org/W1979964605","https://openalex.org/W1997713113","https://openalex.org/W2020549225","https://openalex.org/W2044603577","https://openalex.org/W2052139061","https://openalex.org/W2063246707","https://openalex.org/W2065952210","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2092060755","https://openalex.org/W2099268311","https://openalex.org/W2122595797","https://openalex.org/W2129385606","https://openalex.org/W2152102976","https://openalex.org/W2157844253","https://openalex.org/W2162484441","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2168605160","https://openalex.org/W2267390871","https://openalex.org/W2516547048","https://openalex.org/W2602574246","https://openalex.org/W2606911530","https://openalex.org/W2782661006","https://openalex.org/W2904571915","https://openalex.org/W2915593472","https://openalex.org/W2969861542","https://openalex.org/W3121458594","https://openalex.org/W3123379813","https://openalex.org/W3125697804","https://openalex.org/W3172625812","https://openalex.org/W3203913444","https://openalex.org/W4241209306","https://openalex.org/W4319349875","https://openalex.org/W4380894302","https://openalex.org/W4392815629","https://openalex.org/W4410540197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6964949226","https://openalex.org/W3010602447","https://openalex.org/W1506711150","https://openalex.org/W2914229979","https://openalex.org/W2619705151","https://openalex.org/W7220230455","https://openalex.org/W7219994767","https://openalex.org/W3196392728","https://openalex.org/W4385069535","https://openalex.org/W7162073382"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Type":[0],"of":[1,23,83,201,208],"the":[2,8,31,43,66,91,112,209],"article:":[3],"Research":[4],"ArticleAbstractThis":[5],"study":[6,216],"investigates":[7],"association":[9,114,144,200],"between":[10,145],"R&D":[11,20,77,108,146,162,220,238],"expenditure":[12,109],"and":[13,40,76,94,125,148,187,225],"nominal":[14,70,149,171,212],"GDP":[15,61,150,172,213],"growth":[16,173],"in":[17,161,170,211,240],"Uzbekistan,":[18],"where":[19],"intensity":[21,147,163],"(0.12-0.17%":[22],"GDP)":[24],"falls":[25],"significantly":[26],"below":[27],"global":[28],"benchmarks.":[29],"Given":[30],"short":[32],"annual":[33],"series":[34],"available":[35],"(2010\u20132024,":[36],"N":[37],"=":[38],"15)":[39],"measurement":[41],"constraints,":[42],"findings":[44],"are":[45,230],"presented":[46],"as":[47,80],"exploratory":[48],"associations":[49],"rather":[50,71],"than":[51,72],"established":[52],"causal":[53],"effects.":[54],"The":[55,137,152,177,203,215],"dependent":[56,92],"variable":[57,93],"is":[58,78,164],"based":[59],"on":[60],"at":[62],"current":[63],"prices,":[64],"so":[65],"estimated":[67],"dynamics":[68],"reflect":[69],"real":[73],"output":[74],"growth,":[75],"measured":[79],"a":[81,87,99,140,158,167,197],"share":[82],"GDP,":[84],"which":[85],"shares":[86],"common":[88],"component":[89],"with":[90,166,196],"may":[95],"mechanically":[96],"contribute":[97],"to":[98,128],"negative":[100,113,143,194],"association.":[101],"A":[102],"robustness":[103],"check":[104],"using":[105],"reconstructed":[106],"absolute":[107],"shows":[110],"that":[111,157,218],"persists,":[115],"mitigating":[116],"though":[117],"not":[118],"eliminating":[119],"this":[120],"concern.":[121],"We":[122],"apply":[123],"first-difference":[124],"distributed-lag":[126],"models":[127],"address":[129],"non-stationarity":[130],"issues":[131],"indicated":[132],"by":[133],"Augmented":[134],"Dickey\u2013Fuller":[135],"tests.":[136],"results":[138],"suggest":[139],"statistically":[141],"significant":[142],"growth.":[151,214],"first":[153],"difference":[154],"model":[155,180,205],"suggests":[156,181],"1%":[159],"increase":[160],"associated":[165],"0.19%":[168],"decrease":[169],"(p":[174],"<":[175,185,192],"0.05).":[176],"distributed":[178],"lag":[179],"contemporaneous":[182],"(\u20130.25%,":[183],"p":[184,191],"0.01)":[186],"one-year":[188],"lagged":[189],"(\u20130.16%,":[190],"0.05)":[193],"associations,":[195],"cumulative":[198],"two-year":[199],"\u20130.42%.":[202],"best-fitting":[204],"explains":[206],"68%":[207],"variation":[210],"concludes":[217],"enhancing":[219],"efficiency,":[221],"building":[222],"absorptive":[223],"capacity,":[224],"fostering":[226],"private":[227],"sector":[228],"participation":[229],"essential":[231],"prerequisites":[232],"for":[233],"achieving":[234],"positive":[235],"returns":[236],"from":[237],"investment":[239],"transitional":[241],"economies.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00"}