{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213792152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746","title":"Trafficking and Smuggling of Irregular Migrants from Nigeria to Europe: Strategies and Challenges of the European Union to Migration Governance","display_name":"Trafficking and Smuggling of Irregular Migrants from Nigeria to Europe: Strategies and Challenges of the European Union to Migration Governance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213792152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.58603/shtt9746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286449","display_name":"Analele Universit\u0103\u021bii din Oradea Seria Rela\u021bii Interna\u021bionale \u0219i Studii Europene","issn_l":"2067-1253","issn":["2067-1253","2067-3647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analele Universit\u0103\u021bii din Oradea. Seria: Rela\u021bii Interna\u021bionale \u0219i Studii Europene","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048692159","display_name":"Peter Odion Irabor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8019-8795","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8019-8795"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35601441","display_name":"Osun State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00e16h982","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35601441"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Odion IRABOR","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr. Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria, Department of Arts and Social Science Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria, Department of Arts and Social Science Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35601441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048692159"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35601441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"XVIII","issue":"Supplement no. 2","first_page":"209","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13948","display_name":"Gender and Women's Rights","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13948","display_name":"Gender and Women's Rights","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14133","display_name":"Border Security and International Relations","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14255","display_name":"European Law and Migration","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-trafficking","display_name":"human trafficking","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migrant-smuggling","display_name":"migrant smuggling","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irregular-migration","display_name":"irregular migration","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migration-governance","display_name":"migration governance","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-migration-policy","display_name":"EU migration policy","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cotonou-agreement","display_name":"Cotonou Agreement","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visa-information-system","display_name":"Visa Information System","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/border-policing","display_name":"border policing","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"human rights","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smuggling-routes","display_name":"smuggling routes","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remittances","display_name":"remittances","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontex","display_name":"Frontex","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecowas","display_name":"ECOWAS","score":0.6330000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.70169997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780031633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856681","display_name":"Irregular migration","level":2,"score":0.5667999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781205572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380245","display_name":"Conditionality","level":3,"score":0.4860999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984309518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181784","display_name":"Human trafficking","level":2,"score":0.45730000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27219730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46952","display_name":"Organised crime","level":2,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780526558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345314","display_name":"Good governance","level":3,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780962165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1351807","display_name":"Remittance","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992106988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844924","display_name":"Drug trafficking","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780934415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20997131","display_name":"Border Security","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780781376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138","display_name":"Citizenship","level":3,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865909","display_name":"Development aid","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524648","display_name":"Language change","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019119816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856681","display_name":"Illegal immigrants","level":3,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993315049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500260","display_name":"Free movement","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4451082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878495","display_name":"Naturalisation","level":4,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.58603/shtt9746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286449","display_name":"Analele Universit\u0103\u021bii din Oradea Seria Rela\u021bii Interna\u021bionale \u0219i Studii Europene","issn_l":"2067-1253","issn":["2067-1253","2067-3647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analele Universit\u0103\u021bii din Oradea. Seria: Rela\u021bii Interna\u021bionale \u0219i Studii Europene","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6576869bf3eb433f81927d516a3a817e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58603/SHTT9746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Analele Universit\u0103\u0163ii din Oradea. Rela\u0163ii Interna\u0163ionale \u015fi Studii Europene, Iss Supplement no. 2, 2026, Pp 209-227 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.58603/shtt9746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58603/shtt9746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286449","display_name":"Analele Universit\u0103\u021bii din Oradea Seria Rela\u021bii Interna\u021bionale \u0219i Studii Europene","issn_l":"2067-1253","issn":["2067-1253","2067-3647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Analele Universit\u0103\u021bii din Oradea. Seria: Rela\u021bii Interna\u021bionale \u0219i Studii Europene","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789338929","https://openalex.org/W3189392282","https://openalex.org/W3111318215","https://openalex.org/W4245259871","https://openalex.org/W7217900032","https://openalex.org/W4389673148","https://openalex.org/W2370495486","https://openalex.org/W7172428071","https://openalex.org/W3216830735","https://openalex.org/W7103982853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,43,215],"objective":[1],"of":[2,10,14,36,47,83,92,96,121,125,151,162,168],"this":[3],"study":[4,44,216],"is":[5],"to":[6,19,28,41,62,101,106,146,156,196,225,229,233],"ascertain":[7],"the":[8,77,81,90,128,144,160,189],"causes":[9,91],"trafficking":[11,33,93,148],"and":[12,21,26,34,64,76,94,123,133,149,181,199,210,223],"smuggling":[13,35,95,150],"irregular":[15,37,97,152],"migrants":[16,38,98,153],"from":[17,39,99,131,154],"Nigeria":[18,40,63,71,100,155],"Europe,":[20],"examine":[22],"European":[23,56,169,182],"Union":[24,183],"strategies":[25],"challenges":[27,220],"migration":[29,138,190,198],"governance":[30,139,191],"in":[31,85,141],"curbing":[32],"Europe.":[42,234],"made":[45],"use":[46],"qualitative":[48],"data":[49],"through":[50],"individual":[51],"in-depth":[52],"interviews":[53],"conducted":[54],"on":[55],"External":[57],"Action":[58],"Service,":[59,73],"EU":[60,145],"delegation":[61],"ECOWAS,":[65],"Frontex,":[66],"International":[67],"Organisation":[68],"for":[69,80,186,207],"Migration,":[70],"Immigration":[72],"Idia":[74],"Renaissance":[75],"National":[78],"Agency":[79],"Prohibition":[82],"Trafficking":[84],"Persons.":[86],"Findings":[87],"showed":[88],"that":[89,115,218],"Europe":[102,157],"are":[103],"not":[104],"limited":[105],"border":[107,202],"porosity":[108],"with":[109],"other":[110],"Africa":[111],"countries,":[112],"cultural":[113],"perspective":[114],"remittance":[116],"flow":[117],"improves":[118],"economic":[119],"standard":[120],"families,":[122],"demand":[124],"bribe":[126],"by":[127,143],"security":[129],"officials":[130],"smugglers":[132,224],"traffickers.":[134],"Moreover,":[135],"findings":[136],"revealed":[137],"put":[140],"place":[142],"curb":[147],"such":[158],"as":[159],"adoption":[161],"revised":[163],"2000":[164],"Cotonou":[165],"agreement,":[166],"establishment":[167],"Centre":[170],"Against":[171],"Migrant":[172],"Smuggling,":[173],"Europol":[174],"Information":[175,179],"Clearing":[176],"House,":[177],"Visa":[178],"System,":[180],"Trust":[184],"Fund":[185],"Africa.":[187],"However,":[188],"further":[192],"attached":[193],"strict":[194],"conditionality":[195],"legal":[197],"encourage":[200],"stricter":[201],"policing":[203],"which":[204],"undermines":[205],"respect":[206],"human":[208],"rights":[209],"constitutes":[211],"crime":[212],"against":[213],"humanity.":[214],"concluded":[217],"these":[219],"enable":[221],"traffickers":[222],"divert":[226],"migrant\u2019s":[227],"journey":[228],"more":[230],"precarious":[231],"routes":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00"}