{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213780763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","title":"How the brain distinguishes a bilingual\u2019s languages is partly shared across people and partly their own","display_name":"How the brain distinguishes a bilingual\u2019s languages is partly shared across people and partly their own","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213780763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/20/2026.09.18.752561.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/20/2026.09.18.752561.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149389051","display_name":"Sinem Demirkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0458-5480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0458-5480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261730","display_name":"ALMANACH: Mod\u00e9lisation et analyse linguistique automatique et humanit\u00e9s computationnelles","ror":"https://ror.org/05rnwy495","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4405257605","https://openalex.org/I4405261730"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sinem Demirkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALMAnaCH, Inria, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0458-5480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALMAnaCH, Inria, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4405261730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085647476","display_name":"Demi\u00e1n Wassermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-6056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-6056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738703131","display_name":"Commissariat \u00e0 l'\u00c9nergie Atomique et aux \u00c9nergies Alternatives","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjx8s55","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738703131"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I277688954","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","ror":"https://ror.org/03xjwb503","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I277688954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Demian Wassermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIND team, Inria, CEA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-6056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIND team, Inria, CEA, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2738703131","https://openalex.org/I277688954"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077663332","display_name":"Beno\u00eet Sagot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-8526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-8526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261730","display_name":"ALMANACH: Mod\u00e9lisation et analyse linguistique automatique et humanit\u00e9s computationnelles","ror":"https://ror.org/05rnwy495","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4405257605","https://openalex.org/I4405261730"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beno\u00eet Sagot","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALMAnaCH, Inria, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-8526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALMAnaCH, Inria, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4405261730"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5149389051"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4405261730"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingualism","display_name":"bilingualism","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-discrimination","display_name":"language discrimination","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences","display_name":"individual differences","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fmri-decoding","display_name":"fMRI decoding","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-switching","display_name":"language switching","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-english-bilinguals","display_name":"Chinese-English bilinguals","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-of-second-language-acquisition","display_name":"age of second language acquisition","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/picture-naming","display_name":"picture naming","score":0.46700000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.6496999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.57669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.47209998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52338299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1004354","display_name":"Functional neuroimaging","level":3,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49876356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002651","display_name":"Neuroscience of multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17289045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138951","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience","level":3,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778617256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728285","display_name":"Broca's area","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/20/2026.09.18.752561.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05758389v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05758389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2026","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05758389v2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05758389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2026","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.18.752561","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/20/2026.09.18.752561.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2439744834","display_name":"PR[AI]RIE-PSAI - Paris School of Artificial Intelligence","funder_award_id":"ANR-23-IACL-0008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7080048889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213780763.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213780763.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965092590","https://openalex.org/W2001256117","https://openalex.org/W2030468096","https://openalex.org/W2036980525","https://openalex.org/W2041853331","https://openalex.org/W2058176102","https://openalex.org/W2059032774","https://openalex.org/W2064815813","https://openalex.org/W2101139357","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2111902267","https://openalex.org/W2112923039","https://openalex.org/W2123929185","https://openalex.org/W2128442137","https://openalex.org/W2138672527","https://openalex.org/W2138790588","https://openalex.org/W2155034734","https://openalex.org/W2165588015","https://openalex.org/W2171119395","https://openalex.org/W2332215767","https://openalex.org/W2344945222","https://openalex.org/W2427255235","https://openalex.org/W2735828512","https://openalex.org/W2737241688","https://openalex.org/W2741941708","https://openalex.org/W2802442632","https://openalex.org/W2809859618","https://openalex.org/W2925231405","https://openalex.org/W2951048277","https://openalex.org/W2951617899","https://openalex.org/W2952991498","https://openalex.org/W2996600950","https://openalex.org/W3004767566","https://openalex.org/W3031175989","https://openalex.org/W3036199858","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W3135064238","https://openalex.org/W3208323570","https://openalex.org/W3209517165","https://openalex.org/W4285731152","https://openalex.org/W4293005118","https://openalex.org/W4293463483","https://openalex.org/W4293463901","https://openalex.org/W4295750005","https://openalex.org/W4362638205","https://openalex.org/W4387542198","https://openalex.org/W4388015458","https://openalex.org/W4388852296","https://openalex.org/W4392636954","https://openalex.org/W4394081007","https://openalex.org/W4410825846","https://openalex.org/W4415923773","https://openalex.org/W6894184797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7205939204","https://openalex.org/W4360797435","https://openalex.org/W2735828512","https://openalex.org/W4412022129","https://openalex.org/W2053637307","https://openalex.org/W4398140040","https://openalex.org/W2973383856","https://openalex.org/W3040583660","https://openalex.org/W2137878155","https://openalex.org/W2974348853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"How":[1],"personal":[2],"is":[3,39,53,174,179,195,223],"a":[4,40,50,65,98,172,220,236],"cognitive":[5],"distinction?":[6],"People":[7],"performing":[8,57],"the":[9,47,58,95,100,131,151,156,198,214,231],"same":[10],"task":[11,136],"show":[12],"similar":[13],"brain":[14,22],"activity,":[15],"which":[16],"group-level":[17],"neuroimaging":[18],"builds":[19],"on.":[20],"Yet":[21],"organization":[23],"differs":[24],"reliably":[25],"between":[26,49,165,219],"individuals,":[27],"and":[28,150,233],"people":[29,166],"bring":[30],"different":[31],"experiences":[32],"to":[33,55,94,122,184,230,240],"every":[34],"task.":[35],"Bilingual":[36],"language":[37,101,142],"use":[38,103],"natural":[41],"test":[42],"case.":[43],"We":[44,70],"asked":[45],"whether":[46,61],"distinction":[48,218],"bilingual\u2019s":[51,221],"languages":[52,90,222],"common":[54,229],"everyone":[56],"task,":[59],"or":[60,87],"each":[62,76,241],"person":[63,119,173],"keeps":[64],"part":[66],"of":[67,77,134,192],"their":[68,84],"own.":[69],"decoded":[71],"cortex-wide":[72],"fMRI":[73],"activity":[74,137,178],"within":[75,171],"77":[78],"bilinguals":[79],"naming":[80],"pictures":[81],"in":[82,102,138,205,213],"Chinese,":[83],"dominant":[85],"language,":[86],"English,":[88],"switching":[89],"from":[91],"one":[92,118],"moment":[93],"next.":[96],"Within":[97],"person,":[99],"can":[104],"be":[105],"classified":[106],"on":[107,117],"single":[108],"namings":[109],"(balanced":[110],"accuracy":[111],"59.6%,":[112],"chance":[113,189],"50%).":[114],"Classifiers":[115],"trained":[116],"also":[120],"transfer":[121,164,206],"others":[123],"(56.9%).":[124],"To":[125],"locate":[126],"what":[127],"transfers,":[128],"we":[129],"estimated":[130],"main":[132],"axes":[133,228],"trial-to-trial":[135],"other":[139],"participants,":[140],"without":[141],"labels.":[143],"Transfer":[144],"runs":[145,183],"entirely":[146],"along":[147,197],"these":[148,162],"axes,":[149,163,200],"first":[152],"50":[153],"alone":[154],"match":[155],"full":[157],"cortical":[158],"pattern":[159],"(57.2%).":[160],"Without":[161],"nearly":[167],"disappears,":[168],"yet":[169],"decoding":[170],"unchanged.":[175],"The":[176,217],"remaining":[177,215],"stable":[180,237],"enough":[181],"across":[182],"identify":[185],"most":[186],"individuals":[187],"(74%,":[188],"1.3%).":[190],"Age":[191],"English":[193],"acquisition":[194],"reflected":[196],"shared":[199],"accounting":[201],"for":[202],"individual":[203],"differences":[204],"(cross-validated":[207],"R2":[208],"=":[209],"0.19),":[210],"but":[211],"not":[212],"activity.":[216],"thus":[224],"partly":[225,234],"carried":[226],"by":[227,235],"group,":[232],"signature":[238],"specific":[239],"person.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00"}
