{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213751945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","title":"Image-based reinforcement learning for robust mode hop recovery in external-cavity diode lasers","display_name":"Image-based reinforcement learning for robust mode hop recovery in external-cavity diode lasers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213751945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-026-02931-x_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200995","display_name":"Communications Physics","issn_l":"2399-3650","issn":["2399-3650"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-026-02931-x_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111276939","display_name":"Jaeick Bae","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799611809","display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01az7b475","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799611809","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeick Bae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Quantum Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Quantum Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799611809"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152302599","display_name":"Kyoungsik Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyoungsik Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","Graduate School of Quantum Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Quantum Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046934179","display_name":"Yunheung Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-2688","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-2688"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799611809","display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01az7b475","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799611809","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunheung Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-2688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799611809"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152265512","display_name":"Jeong Ho Han","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799611809","display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01az7b475","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799611809","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeong Ho Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799611809"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006625297","display_name":"Jongchul Mun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799611809","display_name":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01az7b475","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799611809","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jongchul Mun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Quantum Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Quantum Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799611809"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006625297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424","https://openalex.org/I2799611809"],"apc_list":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"apc_paid":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57118978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.7310000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.7310000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.12300000339746475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.028999999165534973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-cavity-diode-laser","display_name":"external cavity diode laser","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-frequency-stabilization","display_name":"laser frequency stabilization","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode-competition","display_name":"mode competition","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-drift","display_name":"temperature drift","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-experiments","display_name":"quantum experiments","score":0.32100000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7432000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184026988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174320","display_name":"Oscilloscope","level":3,"score":0.6018000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5910999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777048131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321098","display_name":"Laser diode","level":3,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294350","display_name":"ALARM","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37724790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210813","display_name":"Direct memory access","level":3,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778383056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873636","display_name":"Namespace","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45851521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276167","display_name":"Digital storage oscilloscope","level":4,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-026-02931-x_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200995","display_name":"Communications Physics","issn_l":"2399-3650","issn":["2399-3650"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22857783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22857783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22857783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Software"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22857784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22857784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22857784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Software"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-026-02931-x","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-026-02931-x_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200995","display_name":"Communications Physics","issn_l":"2399-3650","issn":["2399-3650"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1712242862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-NR119928","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213751945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213751945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575385377","https://openalex.org/W1980905214","https://openalex.org/W2054370765","https://openalex.org/W2061224815","https://openalex.org/W2091430646","https://openalex.org/W2093378603","https://openalex.org/W2103413526","https://openalex.org/W2145178271","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150468603","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2582822646","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2972380308","https://openalex.org/W2981102966","https://openalex.org/W3042557754","https://openalex.org/W3177228344","https://openalex.org/W3197069552","https://openalex.org/W4225293044","https://openalex.org/W4285176374","https://openalex.org/W4311015587","https://openalex.org/W4392971919","https://openalex.org/W4399320927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400640757","https://openalex.org/W7167889029","https://openalex.org/W7162627083","https://openalex.org/W4401693869","https://openalex.org/W4408207780","https://openalex.org/W4399419691","https://openalex.org/W4417131611","https://openalex.org/W2971756457","https://openalex.org/W2888720512","https://openalex.org/W4225293044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Conventional":[1],"laser":[2],"frequency":[3],"stabilization":[4],"techniques":[5],"such":[6,118],"as":[7,119],"table-lookup":[8],"or":[9],"heuristic":[10],"methods":[11],"have":[12],"significant":[13],"limitations":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16],"intrinsic":[17],"hysteresis":[18],"and":[19,33,146],"stochastic":[20],"mode":[21,45],"competition.":[22],"To":[23],"overcome":[24],"this":[25],"challenge,":[26],"we":[27],"introduce":[28],"a":[29,34,54,83,137],"simple":[30],"hysteresis-aware":[31],"protocol":[32],"tailored":[35],"image-based":[36],"reinforcement":[37],"learning":[38],"(RL)":[39],"framework.":[40],"This":[41],"approach":[42,127],"enables":[43],"robust":[44],"hop":[46],"recovery":[47,68],"in":[48,61,143],"external-cavity":[49],"diode":[50],"lasers":[51],"(ECDLs).":[52],"Using":[53],"Rainbow":[55],"deep":[56],"Q-network":[57],"(DQN)":[58],"trained":[59],"entirely":[60],"simulation,":[62],"our":[63],"RL":[64],"agent":[65],"achieves":[66],"100%":[67],"success":[69,97],"rate":[70],"across":[71,115],"all":[72],"163":[73],"continuous":[74],"temperature":[75,120],"drifts":[76],"produced":[77],"under":[78],"deliberately":[79],"extreme":[80],"perturbations":[81],"during":[82],"three-day":[84],"stress":[85],"test.":[86],"Under":[87],"challenging":[88],"discrete":[89],"test":[90],"conditions":[91],"with":[92,101,132],"abrupt":[93],"current":[94],"jumps,":[95],"the":[96],"probability":[98],"reaches":[99],"99.9%,":[100],"only":[102],"one":[103,108],"failure":[104],"recorded":[105],"out":[106],"of":[107],"thousand":[109],"trials.":[110],"The":[111],"controller":[112],"generalizes":[113],"well":[114],"environmental":[116],"perturbations,":[117],"fluctuations,":[121],"without":[122],"requiring":[123],"additional":[124],"calibration.":[125],"Our":[126],"provides":[128],"real-time":[129],"adaptive":[130],"control":[131],"minimal":[133],"human":[134],"intervention,":[135],"marking":[136],"step":[138],"toward":[139],"fully":[140],"autonomous":[141],"operation":[142],"quantum":[144],"experiments":[145],"precision":[147],"optical":[148],"systems.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00"}