{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213668342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","title":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose and associated factors in Rwanda: findings from the 2022 national STEPS survey","display_name":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose and associated factors in Rwanda: findings from the 2022 national STEPS survey","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213668342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200437886","display_name":"BMC Public Health","issn_l":"1471-2458","issn":["1471-2458"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086145135","display_name":"Simon Pierre Niyonsenga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Pierre Niyonsenga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056195227","display_name":"Jean Claude Habineza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6931-556X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6931-556X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Claude Habineza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004631265","display_name":"Bakang Percy Tlhaloganyang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-2571","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-2571"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bakang Percy Tlhaloganyang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-2571","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056897067","display_name":"Amparo Elena Gordillo-Tobar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7453-0424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7453-0424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amparo Elena Gordillo-Tobar","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015137975","display_name":"Alberto Barcel\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5258-6299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5258-6299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","display_name":"University of Miami","ror":"https://ror.org/02dgjyy92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Barcelo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116547007","display_name":"Gad Nshimiyimana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7553-5429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7553-5429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gad Nshimiyimana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016448359","display_name":"Clarisse Musanabaganwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9006-8310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9006-8310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clarisse Musanabaganwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058217516","display_name":"Candide Tran Ngoc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6030-5944","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6030-5944"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Candide Tran Ngoc","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Health Organization, Rwanda Country Office, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Health Organization, Rwanda Country Office, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116547004","display_name":"Fabrice Iradukunda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6984-1534","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6984-1534"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrice Iradukunda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117092873","display_name":"Akandi Pilote","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8027-3855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8027-3855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akandi Pilote","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117092874","display_name":"Josue Sincere Ukuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8614-8097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8614-8097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josue Sincere Ukuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116547005","display_name":"Igiraneza Pacifique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-532X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-532X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igiraneza Pacifique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022732164","display_name":"Evariste Ntaganda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5091-9719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5091-9719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evariste Ntaganda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121077182","display_name":"Ayman Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9516-9508","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9516-9508"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040994183","display_name":"Albert Ndagijimana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2883-6374","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2883-6374"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087849","display_name":"University of Rwanda","ror":"https://ror.org/00286hs46","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Ndagijimana","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068627546","display_name":"Parfait Uwaliraye","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parfait Uwaliraye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Financing Alliance for Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Financing Alliance for Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117092875","display_name":"Isaac Mbwirabumva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac Mbwirabumva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036231765","display_name":"Alypio Nyandwi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-5491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-5491"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129448","display_name":"African Population and Health Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/032ztsj35","country_code":"KE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129448"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alypio Nyandwi","raw_affiliation_strings":["African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052833449","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Uwinkindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8087-8443","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8087-8443"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francois Uwinkindi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042676651","display_name":"Albert Tuyishime","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3118-4989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3118-4989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Tuyishime","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084400861","display_name":"Brian C. Chirombo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9953-6061","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9953-6061"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Chirombo","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Health Organization, Rwanda Country Office, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Health Organization, Rwanda Country Office, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038756960","display_name":"Claude Mambo Muvunyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-442X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-442X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148345","display_name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03jggqf79","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165170","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/05prysf28","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude Mambo Muvunyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148345","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004631265"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65269501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14093","display_name":"Global Health and Epidemiology","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impaired-fasting-glucose","display_name":"impaired fasting glucose","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-prevalence","display_name":"diabetes prevalence","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-inactivity","display_name":"physical inactivity","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertension","display_name":"hypertension","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overweight","display_name":"overweight","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waist-circumference","display_name":"waist circumference","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-residence","display_name":"rural residence","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income","display_name":"income","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rwanda","display_name":"Rwanda","score":0.8040000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777185836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306264","display_name":"Impaired fasting glucose","level":5,"score":0.8715000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776193436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236232","display_name":"Waist","level":3,"score":0.7099000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140556311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214746","display_name":"Biostatistics","level":3,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018380654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572348","display_name":"Fasting glucose","level":4,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.5091000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779668308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2087205","display_name":"Prediabetes","level":4,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778096610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476525","display_name":"Dyslipidemia","level":3,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779874844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967281","display_name":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","level":3,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778163477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656","display_name":"Cholesterol","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76923068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455903","display_name":"Blood sugar regulation","level":3,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2087205","display_name":"Impaired glucose tolerance","level":4,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200437886","display_name":"BMC Public Health","issn_l":"1471-2458","issn":["1471-2458"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5200000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5200000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5200000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-29553-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200437886","display_name":"BMC Public Health","issn_l":"1471-2458","issn":["1471-2458"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067511225","https://openalex.org/W2086946222","https://openalex.org/W2090493081","https://openalex.org/W2472539201","https://openalex.org/W2793679783","https://openalex.org/W2855505796","https://openalex.org/W2898953814","https://openalex.org/W2968909963","https://openalex.org/W3012602262","https://openalex.org/W3044529869","https://openalex.org/W3116592557","https://openalex.org/W3195448326","https://openalex.org/W4206513048","https://openalex.org/W4210893922","https://openalex.org/W4281782492","https://openalex.org/W4319036034","https://openalex.org/W4392057461","https://openalex.org/W4392165514"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409309035","https://openalex.org/W4210893922","https://openalex.org/W1881836985","https://openalex.org/W2030631719","https://openalex.org/W2108668588","https://openalex.org/W2965749718","https://openalex.org/W7100426081","https://openalex.org/W2155333251","https://openalex.org/W2131650605","https://openalex.org/W7223021732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Diabetes":[2],"mellitus":[3],"(DM)":[4],"and":[5,24,73,84,91,99,106,133,162,175,196,216],"impaired":[6],"fasting":[7,53],"glucose":[8,55],"(IFG)":[9],"are":[10],"growing":[11],"public":[12],"health":[13],"challenges":[14],"in":[15,42,205],"Rwanda.":[16],"However,":[17],"nationally":[18],"representative":[19],"data":[20,33],"on":[21],"their":[22],"prevalence":[23,86,114],"associated":[25,117,143,150,168,181,202,213,221],"factors":[26],"remain":[27],"limited.":[28],"Methods":[29],"The":[30,95],"study":[31],"analyzed":[32],"from":[34],"5,200":[35],"adults":[36],"aged":[37],"18\u201369":[38],"years":[39],"who":[40],"participated":[41],"the":[43,156],"2022":[44],"Rwanda":[45],"NCD":[46],"STEPS":[47],"Survey.":[48],"DM":[49,98,113,204],"was":[50,67,115,140,149,211,219],"defined":[51,68],"as":[52,69],"blood":[54],"(FBG)":[56],"\u2265":[57,120],"126":[58],"mg/dL":[59],"or":[60],"current/recent":[61],"use":[62],"of":[63,97],"diabetes":[64],"medication.":[65],"IFG":[66,100,153,215,224],"FBG":[70],"between":[71],"110":[72],"125":[74],"mg/dL.":[75],"Weighted":[76],"regression":[77],"models":[78],"were":[79,101,166,179,200],"used":[80],"to":[81],"estimate":[82],"crude":[83],"adjusted":[85],"ratios":[87],"for":[88],"sociodemographic,":[89],"behavioral,":[90],"clinical":[92],"factors.":[93],"Results":[94],"prevalences":[96],"2.9%":[102],"(95%":[103,108],"CI:":[104,109],"2.1\u20133.8)":[105],"4.7%":[107],"3.8\u20135.6),":[110],"respectively.":[111],"Higher":[112],"independently":[116,167,180,201,212,220],"with":[118,144,151,169,182,203,214,222],"age":[119,161],"45":[121],"years,":[122],"higher":[123,147,170,217],"education,":[124],"physical":[125,188],"inactivity,":[126,189],"hypertension,":[127,190],"elevated":[128,163,191,208],"total":[129,138,164,192,209],"cholesterol,":[130,193],"overweight,":[131,194],"obesity,":[132,195],"high-risk":[134,197],"waist":[135,198],"circumference.":[136],"Elevated":[137],"cholesterol":[139,165,210],"also":[141],"significantly":[142],"IFG,":[145],"whereas":[146,172],"education":[148,218],"lower":[152,176,183,223],"prevalence.":[154,184,225],"For":[155],"combined":[157],"DM/IFG":[158],"outcome,":[159],"older":[160],"prevalence,":[171],"rural":[173],"residence":[174],"monthly":[177],"earnings":[178],"Conclusions":[185],"Older":[186],"age,":[187],"circumference":[199],"Rwanda,":[206],"while":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00"}
