{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213639128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324","title":"THE EFFECT OF STABLE STRATIFICATION ON THE NATURAL CONVECTION IN A SQUARE CAVITY CAUSED BY A HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE","display_name":"THE EFFECT OF STABLE STRATIFICATION ON THE NATURAL CONVECTION IN A SQUARE CAVITY CAUSED BY A HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213639128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.71548/7324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402139","display_name":"MacSphere (McMaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","host_organization_name":"McMaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113500963","display_name":"Wenjiang Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wu, Wenjiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113500963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.5112000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.5112000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.2003999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13116","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Numerical Methods","score":0.195700004696846,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stable-stratification","display_name":"stable stratification","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-convection","display_name":"natural convection","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square-cavity","display_name":"square cavity","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer","display_name":"heat transfer","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nusselt-number-correlation","display_name":"Nusselt number correlation","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-circulation","display_name":"secondary circulation","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-boundary-conditions","display_name":"thermal boundary conditions","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-cavity","display_name":"air cavity","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54791560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285020","display_name":"Natural convection","level":3,"score":0.7605999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130230704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898280","display_name":"Nusselt number","level":4,"score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192943249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893382","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","level":5,"score":0.5636000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5627999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137109543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554388","display_name":"Temperature gradient","level":2,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13027520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868719","display_name":"Grashof number","level":5,"score":0.5412999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37164169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983125","display_name":"Film temperature","level":5,"score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189234753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007315","display_name":"Combined forced and natural convection","level":4,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109661024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027571","display_name":"Vertical plane","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41231900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918227","display_name":"Convective heat transfer","level":3,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993031579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2298837","display_name":"Thermal stratification","level":3,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780113671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285020","display_name":"Natural circulation","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29700514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634340","display_name":"Heat transfer coefficient","level":3,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194896862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961847","display_name":"Richardson number","level":3,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111603439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752193","display_name":"Boundary layer","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159188206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382","display_name":"Heat flux","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11111821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205880","display_name":"Circulation (fluid dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186816422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66900467","display_name":"Lapse rate","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182310444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643","display_name":"Boundary value problem","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135692309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111124","display_name":"Square (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37222873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027571","display_name":"Horizontal plane","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60439489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634407","display_name":"Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106836276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898249","display_name":"Rayleigh number","level":4,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.71548/7324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402139","display_name":"MacSphere (McMaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","host_organization_name":"McMaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.71548/7324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.71548/7324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402139","display_name":"MacSphere (McMaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","host_organization_name":"McMaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7009423825","https://openalex.org/W2054825361","https://openalex.org/W2086377312","https://openalex.org/W2031631528","https://openalex.org/W2020136277","https://openalex.org/W2884212428","https://openalex.org/W2067821258","https://openalex.org/W4234199272","https://openalex.org/W2772540646","https://openalex.org/W3127629993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,86,115,171,192,236],"effect":[1],"of":[2,61,67,128,131,141,209,221,233],"stable":[3],"stratification":[4,201],"on":[5],"the":[6,32,49,57,62,68,71,76,83,91,103,111,118,122,129,132,136,142,153,158,166,176,186,200,205,210,214,218,222,225,230,234,241,251],"natural":[7,77],"convection":[8,78],"heat":[9,50,79,155],"transfer":[10,80,156],"characteristics":[11,81],"in":[12,74,82,117,213,217,229,250],"an":[13,248],"air-filled":[14],"square":[15,84],"cavity":[16,69],"with":[17,199,247],"a":[18,39,98],"horizontal":[19],"temperature":[20,26,43,94,119,130,179,189,207,228],"difference":[21],"was":[22,36,53,150,180,190,195],"investigated":[23],"experimentally.":[24],"distribution":[27],"at":[28],"different":[29],"positions":[30],"along":[31,157],"hot":[33,112,159,242],"vertical":[34,113,160,215,231,243,252],"wall":[35,93,124,134,144,161,178,188,244],"measured":[37],"using":[38],"thermocouple,":[40],"and":[41,64,73,106,182,224],"these":[42],"profiles":[44,120],"were":[45],"used":[46],"to":[47,197],"compute":[48],"transfer.":[51],"It":[52],"found":[54,151,196],"that":[55,89,152],"varying":[56],"thermal":[58],"boundary":[59],"conditions":[60],"top":[63,92,104,123,177],"bottom":[65,133,143,187],"walls":[66],"changed":[70],"stratification,":[72],"turn":[75],"cavity.":[85,235],"measurements":[87],"indicated":[88],"when":[90,175,185],"increased,":[95,181],"it":[96,149],"caused":[97],"local":[99,154],"recirculation":[100],"region":[101,138,220],"near":[102,121],"wall,":[105],"this":[107],"secondary":[108],"circulation":[109],"approached":[110],"wall.":[114],"non-uniformity":[116],"is":[125,139],"relatively":[126],"independent":[127,140],"indicating":[135],"recirculatory":[137],"temperature.":[145],"In":[146],"all":[147],"cases,":[148],"could":[162],"be":[163],"expressed":[164],"by":[165],"correlation":[167],"Nu":[168],"=":[169],"CRa0.315.":[170],"constant":[172,193],"C":[173,194],"increased":[174,246],"decreased":[183],"slightly":[184],"decreased.":[191],"correlate":[198],"rate,":[202],"defined":[203],"as":[204],"non-dimensionalized":[206,226],"gradient":[208],"ambient":[211],"air":[212],"direction":[216,232],"core":[219],"cavity,":[223],"mean":[227],"average":[237],"Nusselt":[238],"number":[239,254],"for":[240],"NuH":[245],"increase":[249],"Grashof":[253],"Grv.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-20T07:33:13.661266","created_date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00"}
