{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213636563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","title":"Does economic diversification affect GDP growth asymmetrically in GCC countries? Panel PMG\u2013NARDL evidence","display_name":"Does economic diversification affect GDP growth asymmetrically in GCC countries? Panel PMG\u2013NARDL evidence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213636563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v15i3.5161"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","pdf_url":"https://archive.conscientiabeam.com/index.php/11/article/download/5161/9446","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765032965","display_name":"International Journal of Management and Sustainability","issn_l":"2306-0662","issn":["2306-0662","2306-9856"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Management and Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://archive.conscientiabeam.com/index.php/11/article/download/5161/9446","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011094726","display_name":"Nermeen Ishker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5704-5128","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5704-5128"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nermeen Ishker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5704-5128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038087457","display_name":"Hanadi Taher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-1807","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-1807"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanadi Taher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-1807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115439693","display_name":"Maggie Houshaimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0451-2834","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0451-2834"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maggie Houshaimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0451-2834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"617","last_page":"634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.014800000004470348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-diversification","display_name":"economic diversification","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gdp-growth","display_name":"GDP growth","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetric-effects","display_name":"asymmetric effects","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-cooperation-council","display_name":"Gulf Cooperation Council","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-prices","display_name":"oil prices","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"investment","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-force-participation","display_name":"labor force participation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sectoral-concentration","display_name":"sectoral concentration","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-change","display_name":"structural change","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-economic-growth","display_name":"long-run economic growth","score":0.5899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180916674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3711935","display_name":"Diversification (marketing strategy)","level":2,"score":0.906499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6976000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159009313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283159","display_name":"Distributed lag","level":2,"score":0.5835000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5644999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75778745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342626","display_name":"Lag","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181683161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301159","display_name":"Real gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993311118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51379","display_name":"Positive relationship","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778098375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19596433","display_name":"Composite index","level":3,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162748667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683131","display_name":"Generalized method of moments","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83873408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192311","display_name":"Business cycle","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","pdf_url":"https://archive.conscientiabeam.com/index.php/11/article/download/5161/9446","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765032965","display_name":"International Journal of Management and Sustainability","issn_l":"2306-0662","issn":["2306-0662","2306-9856"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Management and Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18488/11.v15i3.5161","pdf_url":"https://archive.conscientiabeam.com/index.php/11/article/download/5161/9446","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765032965","display_name":"International Journal of Management and Sustainability","issn_l":"2306-0662","issn":["2306-0662","2306-9856"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Management and Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213636563.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213636563.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570396618","https://openalex.org/W1928113007","https://openalex.org/W1939526929","https://openalex.org/W2011578911","https://openalex.org/W2017349910","https://openalex.org/W2071434239","https://openalex.org/W2098052145","https://openalex.org/W2112778351","https://openalex.org/W2117513178","https://openalex.org/W2119291693","https://openalex.org/W2147422150","https://openalex.org/W2157322321","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2295124130","https://openalex.org/W2466713510","https://openalex.org/W2767682255","https://openalex.org/W2808516227","https://openalex.org/W2910573377","https://openalex.org/W3013985502","https://openalex.org/W3048473515","https://openalex.org/W3111573053","https://openalex.org/W3122591895","https://openalex.org/W3124091918","https://openalex.org/W3198501657","https://openalex.org/W3203850980","https://openalex.org/W3215507458","https://openalex.org/W4214619851","https://openalex.org/W4221019230","https://openalex.org/W4283361645","https://openalex.org/W4360977720","https://openalex.org/W4383821856","https://openalex.org/W4407987885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7170144461","https://openalex.org/W7128388349","https://openalex.org/W3011770718","https://openalex.org/W822587004","https://openalex.org/W4360977720","https://openalex.org/W7212002060","https://openalex.org/W3198501657","https://openalex.org/W2730054673","https://openalex.org/W7117976202","https://openalex.org/W4413955990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"whether":[3],"economic":[4,73],"diversification":[5,20,91,102,141,161,182],"affects":[6],"GDP":[7,71,99],"growth":[8,158,187],"symmetrically":[9],"or":[10],"asymmetrically":[11],"in":[12,124,189],"GCC":[13,190],"countries":[14],"over":[15],"the":[16,84,117,125,153,157,178],"period":[17],"2000\u20132022.":[18],"Economic":[19,26],"is":[21],"measured":[22],"using":[23],"a":[24,41,66,87,94,105,111],"Composite":[25],"Diversification":[27],"Index":[28],"(CEDIX)":[29],"based":[30],"on":[31,97],"export,":[32],"revenue,":[33],"and":[34,60,79,130,145],"sectoral":[35],"concentration":[36],"measures.":[37],"The":[38,63,175],"study":[39],"uses":[40],"pooled":[42],"mean":[43],"group":[44],"nonlinear":[45],"autoregressive":[46],"distributed":[47],"lag":[48],"(PMG\u2013NARDL)":[49],"model":[50],"following":[51],"tests":[52],"for":[53],"cross-sectional":[54],"dependence,":[55],"mixed":[56],"orders":[57],"of":[58,149,160,180],"integration,":[59],"panel":[61],"cointegration.":[62],"results":[64,85,154],"show":[65,86],"stable":[67],"long-run":[68,89,98,186],"relationship":[69],"between":[70],"growth,":[72,100],"diversification,":[74],"investment,":[75],"labor":[76,131],"force":[77,132],"participation,":[78],"oil":[80,120],"prices.":[81],"More":[82],"importantly,":[83],"strong":[88],"asymmetry:":[90],"gains":[92],"have":[93,104],"positive":[95],"effect":[96],"while":[101,128],"setbacks":[103],"greater":[106],"negative":[107],"effect,":[108],"thereby":[109],"suggesting":[110],"reversal":[112],"penalty.":[113],"With":[114],"respect":[115],"to":[116,137,164,184],"control":[118],"variables,":[119],"prices":[121],"are":[122,134,143],"significant":[123],"long":[126],"run,":[127],"investment":[129],"participation":[133],"more":[135],"relevant":[136],"short-run":[138,173],"dynamics.":[139],"Short-run":[140],"effects":[142],"weaker":[144],"provide":[146],"little":[147],"evidence":[148],"asymmetric":[150],"adjustment.":[151],"Overall,":[152],"suggest":[155],"that":[156],"advantages":[159],"take":[162],"time":[163],"materialize":[165],"through":[166],"cumulative":[167],"structural":[168],"change":[169],"rather":[170],"than":[171],"immediate":[172],"responses.":[174],"findings":[176],"stress":[177],"importance":[179],"continuing":[181],"efforts":[183],"enhance":[185],"performance":[188],"economies.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00"}