{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213634900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.70107","title":"Transitioning to nonpunitive school policies for addressing student substance use: Qualitative interviews with key school administrators","display_name":"Transitioning to nonpunitive school policies for addressing student substance use: Qualitative interviews with key school administrators","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213634900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.70107","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42762095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ajcp.70107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.70107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.70107","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ajcp.70107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145410213","display_name":"American Journal of Community Psychology","issn_l":"0091-0562","issn":["0091-0562","1573-2770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Community Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ajcp.70107","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025765597","display_name":"Kristina Conroy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-8510","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-8510"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristina Conroy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-8510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119198210","display_name":"M. Grace Albright","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Grace Albright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152247953","display_name":"Kendall B. Roberts","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kendall B. Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086433684","display_name":"Meghan A. Costello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9520-4676","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9520-4676"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meghan A. Costello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060263263","display_name":"Anthony J. Jannetti","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony J. Jannetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109032493","display_name":"A. Wing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexis R. Wing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011645136","display_name":"Randi Melissa Schuster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5710-9301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5710-9301"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Randi M. Schuster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5710-9301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011645136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"],"apc_list":{"value":3620,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3620},"apc_paid":{"value":3620,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3620},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58496177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-discipline","display_name":"student discipline","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-substance-use","display_name":"student substance use","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exclusionary-discipline","display_name":"exclusionary discipline","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suspension","display_name":"suspension","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-administrators","display_name":"school administrators","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-change","display_name":"policy change","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-minority-students","display_name":"racial and ethnic minority students","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-equity","display_name":"school equity","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-education","display_name":"drug education","score":0.5669999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155164915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403186","display_name":"Health psychology","level":3,"score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776054725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18171","display_name":"School discipline","level":2,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8795937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11862829","display_name":"Discipline","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111366508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341291","display_name":"Educational leadership","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779149496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442100","display_name":"Procedural justice","level":3,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991912374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q400711","display_name":"Substance use","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12891156","display_name":"Seriousness","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ajcp.70107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.70107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.70107","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ajcp.70107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145410213","display_name":"American Journal of Community Psychology","issn_l":"0091-0562","issn":["0091-0562","1573-2770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Community Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5674722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5674722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5674722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42762095","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42762095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of community psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ajcp.70107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.70107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.70107","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ajcp.70107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145410213","display_name":"American Journal of Community Psychology","issn_l":"0091-0562","issn":["0091-0562","1573-2770"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Community Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000364312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIDA 5K12DA043490\u201007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000365639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIMH T32MH016259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000882520","display_name":"Career Development Program in Substance Use and Addiction Medicine","funder_award_id":"K12DA043490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000882768","display_name":"Stuart T. Hauser Research Training Program in Biological and Social Psychiatry","funder_award_id":"T32MH016259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213634900.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213634900.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1961742266","https://openalex.org/W2008736719","https://openalex.org/W2085009724","https://openalex.org/W2142225512","https://openalex.org/W2152095428","https://openalex.org/W2159604789","https://openalex.org/W2279911295","https://openalex.org/W2522882033","https://openalex.org/W2562132038","https://openalex.org/W2599711891","https://openalex.org/W2730887754","https://openalex.org/W2894088243","https://openalex.org/W2901066280","https://openalex.org/W2936015247","https://openalex.org/W2947605355","https://openalex.org/W3001420261","https://openalex.org/W3026543956","https://openalex.org/W3080554454","https://openalex.org/W3085177757","https://openalex.org/W3178552389","https://openalex.org/W3183194096","https://openalex.org/W3210563772","https://openalex.org/W4200147015","https://openalex.org/W4206949803","https://openalex.org/W4286267562","https://openalex.org/W4309244804","https://openalex.org/W4317435165","https://openalex.org/W4361269230","https://openalex.org/W4380729903","https://openalex.org/W4386027189","https://openalex.org/W4386101410","https://openalex.org/W4387865475","https://openalex.org/W4389740083","https://openalex.org/W4391324264","https://openalex.org/W4391896574","https://openalex.org/W4401046053","https://openalex.org/W4402937263","https://openalex.org/W4402995618","https://openalex.org/W4403219839","https://openalex.org/W4407957722","https://openalex.org/W4411620910"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380729903","https://openalex.org/W6979759438","https://openalex.org/W268432270","https://openalex.org/W6987005568","https://openalex.org/W7119468052","https://openalex.org/W7126364613","https://openalex.org/W4413844303","https://openalex.org/W7002157932","https://openalex.org/W7074024081","https://openalex.org/W7133591798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recent":[1],"policy":[2,192],"change":[3,193],"in":[4,37,52,92,149],"Massachusetts":[5],"encourages":[6],"schools":[7,93],"to":[8,15,29,55,74,173,189],"limit":[9],"their":[10,57,62,70],"use":[11,35,155],"of":[12,27,72,89,171],"exclusionary":[13],"discipline":[14,168],"\u201cextraordinary":[16],"circumstances,\u201d":[17],"but":[18],"little":[19],"work":[20],"has":[21],"explored":[22],"the":[23,41,116],"opportunities":[24],"and":[25,69,106,120,132,147,164],"challenges":[26],"transitioning":[28,73,172],"nonpunitive":[30,75,174],"practices":[31],"after":[32],"student":[33,66,137],"substance":[34,67,138,154],"infractions":[36],"schools.":[38],"As":[39,177],"such,":[40],"current":[42],"study":[43],"conducted":[44],"semistructured":[45],"interviews":[46],"with":[47,87,184],"key":[48,178],"school":[49,78,141,175,179,185],"administrators":[50,79,122,142,158,186],"involved":[51],"disciplinary":[53],"decisions":[54],"examine":[56],"personal":[58],"beliefs":[59],"about":[60,130,134],"punishment,":[61],"policies":[63],"for":[64,136],"addressing":[65],"use,":[68],"perceptions":[71],"approaches.":[76],"Participating":[77],"(":[80],"N":[81],"=":[82],"24)":[83],"served":[84],"20":[85],"schools,":[86],"25%":[88],"participants":[90],"working":[91],"serving":[94],"students":[95],"from":[96],"predominantly":[97],"ethnically/racially":[98],"minoritized":[99],"groups.":[100],"Analyses":[101],"leveraged":[102],"a":[103],"combined":[104],"inductive":[105],"deductive":[107],"content":[108],"analysis.":[109],"Qualitative":[110],"themes":[111],"highlighted":[112],"how":[113],"suspension":[114],"remains":[115],"most":[117],"common":[118],"response,":[119],"yet,":[121],"have":[123],"mixed":[124],"feelings":[125],"(e.g.,":[126,161,166],"perceived":[127],"advantages,":[128],"concerns":[129],"equity":[131],"effectiveness)":[133],"punishment":[135],"use.":[139],"Accordingly,":[140],"are":[143],"exploring":[144],"alternative":[145],"responses":[146],"believe":[148],"incorporating":[150],"educational":[151],"components":[152],"into":[153],"response.":[156],"School":[157],"discussed":[159],"logistical":[160],"staff":[162],"capacity)":[163],"attitudinal":[165],"\u201cold\u2010school\u201d":[167],"mindset)":[169],"determinants":[170],"practices.":[176],"decision":[180],"makers,":[181],"continued":[182],"partnership":[183],"is":[187],"vital":[188],"inform":[190],"sustainable":[191],"that":[194],"optimizes":[195],"adolescent":[196],"outcomes.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00"}