{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213630236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06605-9","title":"A hyperchaotic image encryption paradigm fusing DNA sequence operations with bit-level multi-stage dynamic scrambling","display_name":"A hyperchaotic image encryption paradigm fusing DNA sequence operations with bit-level multi-stage dynamic scrambling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213630236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06605-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-026-06605-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06605-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06605-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7525369/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092703391","display_name":"Shadman Rahman Kareem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-156X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-156X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4896460","display_name":"Koya University","ror":"https://ror.org/017pq0w72","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4896460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I908820301","display_name":"Tishk International University","ror":"https://ror.org/03pbhyy22","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I908820301"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shadman Rahman Kareem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq","Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya, 44023, Kurdistan Region\u2013F.R., Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-156X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I908820301"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya, 44023, Kurdistan Region\u2013F.R., Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4896460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015895259","display_name":"Mardan A. Pirdawood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3234-1825","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3234-1825"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4896460","display_name":"Koya University","ror":"https://ror.org/017pq0w72","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4896460"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mardan Ameen Pirdawood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya, 44023, Kurdistan Region\u2013F.R., Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya, 44023, Kurdistan Region\u2013F.R., Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4896460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092703391"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4896460","https://openalex.org/I908820301"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"13","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13674","display_name":"Computer Science and Engineering","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-encryption","display_name":"image encryption","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperchaotic-map","display_name":"hyperchaotic map","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-level-permutation","display_name":"bit-level permutation","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaotic-diffusion","display_name":"chaotic diffusion","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-space-analysis","display_name":"key space analysis","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/npcr-and-uaci","display_name":"NPCR and UACI","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-security","display_name":"image security","score":0.5220000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8033000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7925999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.7594000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4982999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105322999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key space","level":3,"score":0.48910000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54569210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246854","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","level":3,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184685986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505167","display_name":"Multiple encryption","level":3,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57795399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265706","display_name":"Deterministic encryption","level":4,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35898486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498186","display_name":"Exclusive or","level":3,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151510863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899844","display_name":"Lorenz system","level":3,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779374083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011038","display_name":"CHAOS (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-026-06605-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06605-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06605-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7525369/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7525369/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7525369/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7525369/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7525369/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7525369/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7525369/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7525369/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213630236.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213630236.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060791695","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2909459674","https://openalex.org/W3007471510","https://openalex.org/W3082459396","https://openalex.org/W3157817292","https://openalex.org/W3176311753","https://openalex.org/W3187229814","https://openalex.org/W3211136635","https://openalex.org/W4205557962","https://openalex.org/W4206253007","https://openalex.org/W4206909781","https://openalex.org/W4311220356","https://openalex.org/W4361026482","https://openalex.org/W4377225451","https://openalex.org/W4385428517","https://openalex.org/W4385824893","https://openalex.org/W4387215177","https://openalex.org/W4387591425","https://openalex.org/W4389889497","https://openalex.org/W4390819739","https://openalex.org/W4392683354","https://openalex.org/W4394582123","https://openalex.org/W4396867829","https://openalex.org/W4399608514","https://openalex.org/W4400877566","https://openalex.org/W4401073209","https://openalex.org/W4401169168","https://openalex.org/W4403422362","https://openalex.org/W4403753219","https://openalex.org/W4405231410","https://openalex.org/W4405828509","https://openalex.org/W4407304478","https://openalex.org/W4407948341","https://openalex.org/W4409435617","https://openalex.org/W4409870708","https://openalex.org/W4410153295","https://openalex.org/W4410301727","https://openalex.org/W4411450722","https://openalex.org/W4411787207","https://openalex.org/W4411865836","https://openalex.org/W4412714477","https://openalex.org/W4413330072","https://openalex.org/W4413785573","https://openalex.org/W4415286204","https://openalex.org/W7124420804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794118810","https://openalex.org/W2593455521","https://openalex.org/W4412714477","https://openalex.org/W3043241920","https://openalex.org/W7106794245","https://openalex.org/W7154847380","https://openalex.org/W2930840217","https://openalex.org/W4288421169","https://openalex.org/W4211139803","https://openalex.org/W4317829608"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recently,":[1],"the":[2,10,90,100,168,177,192,197,206,228],"increasing":[3],"severity":[4],"of":[5,12,81],"data":[6],"breaches":[7],"has":[8],"made":[9],"security":[11,174],"digital":[13,254],"images,as":[14],"high-capacity":[15],"visual":[16],"information":[17,235],"carriers,":[18],"a":[19,48,58,67,85,129,139,144,148,152,158,248],"critical":[20],"concern.":[21],"While":[22],"chaotic":[23,42,141],"maps":[24],"arewidely":[25],"applied":[26],"in":[27,122],"image":[28,62,255],"encryption":[29,117,198],"due":[30],"to":[31],"their":[32],"high":[33,194],"nonlinearity":[34],"and":[35,60,75,104,109,156,172,200,214],"sensitivity,":[36],"many":[37],"existingschemes":[38],"suffer":[39],"from":[40],"degraded":[41],"properties":[43],"or":[44],"an":[45],"over-reliance":[46],"on":[47,99,223],"single":[49],"protectionmechanism.":[50],"To":[51],"address":[52],"these":[53],"shortcomings,":[54],"this":[55],"paper":[56],"presents":[57],"novel":[59],"robust":[61],"encryptionparadigm":[63],"that":[64,176],"synergistically":[65],"fuses":[66],"high-dimensional":[68],"non-degenerate":[69],"hyperchaoticmap":[70],"with":[71,135,151],"multi-stage":[72],"dynamic":[73],"scrambling":[74],"DNA":[76,133],"sequence":[77],"operations.":[78],"The":[79,116,245],"core":[80],"ourcryptographic":[82],"construction":[83],"is":[84,119],"parameter-hopping":[86],"Lorenz":[87],"system,":[88],"where":[89],"parameters":[91],"\u03c3,":[92],"\u03c1,and":[93],"\u03b2":[94],"are":[95],"dynamically":[96],"altered":[97],"based":[98],"system\u2019s":[101,193],"state":[102],"trajectory":[103],"plaintext":[105],"information,inducing":[106],"non-stationary":[107],"chaos":[108],"significantly":[110],"enhancing":[111],"resistance":[112],"against":[113],"phase-space":[114],"reconstructionattacks.":[115],"algorithm":[118],"meticulously":[120],"architected":[121],"four":[123],"sequentialstages:":[124],"(1)":[125],"bit-level":[126],"permutation":[127],"using":[128],"hyperchaotic":[130],"sequence,":[131,142],"(2)":[132],"encoding":[134],"ruleselection":[136],"governed":[137],"by":[138],"second":[140],"(3)":[143],"confusion":[145],"layer":[146,161],"employing":[147],"DNAbasedXOR":[149],"operation":[150],"key-derived":[153],"nucleotide":[154],"stream,":[155],"(4)":[157],"final":[159],"diffusion":[160],"viachaotic":[162],"bit":[163],"masking.":[164],"We":[165],"formally":[166],"prove":[167],"scheme\u2019s":[169],"perfect":[170],"reconstructibility":[171],"demonstratethrough":[173],"analysis":[175],"key":[178,199],"space":[179],"exceeds":[180],"2^30192,":[181],"rendering":[182],"brute-force":[183],"attackscomputationally":[184],"infeasible.":[185],"Furthermore,":[186],"we":[187],"provide":[188],"formal":[189],"proofs":[190],"for":[191,205,252],"sensitivityto":[195],"both":[196],"plaintext,":[201],"achieving":[202],"near-ideal":[203],"values":[204],"Numberof":[207],"Changing":[208,217],"Pixel":[209],"Rate":[210],"(NPCR":[211],">":[212],"99.61%)":[213],"Unified":[215],"Average":[216],"Intensity":[218],"(UACI":[219],"\u224833.46%).":[220],"Empirical":[221],"validation":[222],"standard":[224],"test":[225],"images":[226],"confirms":[227],"algorithm\u2019s":[229],"effectiveness,exhibiting":[230],"uniform":[231],"histogram":[232],"distribution,":[233],"near-maximum":[234],"entropy":[236],"(\u22487.997),":[237],"andnegligible":[238],"correlation":[239],"coefficients":[240],"between":[241],"adjacent":[242],"pixels":[243],"(|rxy|<0.01).":[244],"proposed":[246],"schemeoffers":[247],"cryptographically":[249],"strong":[250],"framework":[251],"secure":[253],"communication.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00"}