{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213620468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","title":"Learning Environmental Dynamics: Building Internal Models of a Simulated External Force","display_name":"Learning Environmental Dynamics: Building Internal Models of a Simulated External Force","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213620468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.751840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/18/2026.09.17.751840.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/18/2026.09.17.751840.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119560684","display_name":"Jacob Jason Boulrice","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0143-7131","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0143-7131"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob J. Boulrice","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada","Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0143-7131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079544909","display_name":"Bernard Marius \u2019t Hart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0045-3769","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0045-3769"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernard Marius \u2018t Hart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0045-3769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010023906","display_name":"Denise Y. P. Henriques","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-0472","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-0472"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denise Y. P. Henriques","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada","Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada","Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-0472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119560684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10982","display_name":"Motor Control and Adaptation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-adaptation","display_name":"motor adaptation","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-models","display_name":"internal models","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-dynamics","display_name":"environmental dynamics","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"virtual reality","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projectile-motion","display_name":"projectile motion","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"transfer of learning","score":0.7710000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5386000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5015000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28427503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13580300","display_name":"Internal model","level":3,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107690735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852461","display_name":"Motor learning","level":2,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122041747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838611","display_name":"Ball (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137813230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996165","display_name":"Motor control","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/18/2026.09.17.751840.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.751840","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/18/2026.09.17.751840.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213620468.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213620468.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1654752245","https://openalex.org/W1922715780","https://openalex.org/W1970890515","https://openalex.org/W2028612696","https://openalex.org/W2032139276","https://openalex.org/W2059400885","https://openalex.org/W2083905756","https://openalex.org/W2099869876","https://openalex.org/W2128534690","https://openalex.org/W2137957893","https://openalex.org/W2156430261","https://openalex.org/W2158535651","https://openalex.org/W2340866711","https://openalex.org/W2588400776","https://openalex.org/W2789199465","https://openalex.org/W3096381529","https://openalex.org/W3185183964","https://openalex.org/W3215906447","https://openalex.org/W4220985822","https://openalex.org/W4391540557","https://openalex.org/W4408123030","https://openalex.org/W7128542573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124918439","https://openalex.org/W1483339142","https://openalex.org/W7099780933","https://openalex.org/W1922715780","https://openalex.org/W4391729481","https://openalex.org/W4240137332","https://openalex.org/W7099462525","https://openalex.org/W2106936397","https://openalex.org/W7095900872","https://openalex.org/W7018639683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Motor":[1],"adaptation":[2,71],"is":[3],"typically":[4],"studied":[5],"using":[6],"limb-based":[7],"perturbations":[8],"in":[9],"highly":[10],"constrained":[11],"tasks.":[12],"However,":[13],"everyday":[14],"actions":[15],"require":[16],"compensating":[17],"for":[18],"uncertain":[19],"environmental":[20],"dynamics":[21],"impacting":[22],"manipulated":[23],"objects":[24],"within":[25],"redundant":[26],"execution":[27],"spaces,":[28],"where":[29,47],"multiple":[30],"combinations":[31],"of":[32,123],"variables":[33],"can":[34],"achieve":[35],"success.":[36],"To":[37],"investigate":[38],"this,":[39],"we":[40],"designed":[41],"a":[42,50,53],"novel":[43],"virtual":[44],"reality":[45],"task":[46],"participants":[48,85],"launched":[49],"ball":[51],"across":[52,75,146],"lateral":[54],"water":[55],"current":[56],"to":[57,90,106],"spatially":[58],"distinct":[59],"targets.":[60],"Two":[61],"experiments":[62],"(2.0":[63],"m/s":[64],"and":[65,139],"3.0":[66],"m/s)":[67],"tested":[68],"if":[69],"classic":[70],"signatures":[72],"remain":[73],"consistent":[74],"varying":[76],"perturbation":[77,116],"sizes.":[78],"Results":[79],"revealed":[80,98],"three":[81],"key":[82],"signatures.":[83],"First,":[84],"exhibited":[86],"robust":[87],"error":[88],"reduction":[89],"all":[91],"targets":[92],"during":[93],"training.":[94],"Second,":[95],"between-subjects":[96],"analyses":[97],"that":[99,130,140],"this":[100],"learning":[101],"produced":[102],"substantial,":[103],"immediate":[104],"transfer":[105],"untrained":[107],"target":[108],"locations.":[109],"Finally,":[110],"persistent":[111],"motor":[112],"aftereffects":[113],"appeared":[114],"upon":[115],"removal,":[117],"despite":[118],"explicit":[119],"cues":[120],"indicating":[121],"absence":[122],"the":[124,147],"perturbation.":[125],"Together,":[126],"these":[127],"results":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"humans":[131],"form":[132],"internal":[133],"models":[134],"under":[135],"altered":[136],"projectile\u2013environment":[137],"dynamics,":[138],"prior":[141],"experience":[142],"facilitates":[143],"broad":[144],"generalization":[145],"workspace.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00"}