{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213614101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-05334-5","title":"From Word to Prompt: Assessing the Linguistic Footprint of LLMs on Spanish-Language Bachelor\u2019s and Master\u2019s Theses","display_name":"From Word to Prompt: Assessing the Linguistic Footprint of LLMs on Spanish-Language Bachelor\u2019s and Master\u2019s Theses","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213614101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-05334-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-026-05334-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-05334-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-05334-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115661849","display_name":"Antonio J. Romero-Barrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-1331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-1331"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio J. Romero-Barrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Autom\u00e1tica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-1331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Autom\u00e1tica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067000335","display_name":"Sergio Montes Le\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-4465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-4465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182083151","display_name":"Universidad Rey Juan Carlos","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5cv687","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio R. Montes-Le\u00f3n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda de Fuenlabrada, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda de Fuenlabrada, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182083151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101524962","display_name":"Alvaro Paricio\u2010Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9162-4147","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9162-4147"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro Paricio-Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Autom\u00e1tica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Autom\u00e1tica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123032077","display_name":"Miguel Angel Lopez-Carmona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-1863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-1863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel A. Lopez-Carmona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Autom\u00e1tica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Autom\u00e1tica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128217618","display_name":"Miguel Botto-Tobar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132284232","display_name":"Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo","ror":"https://ror.org/00b210x50","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132284232"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Botto-Tobar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132284232"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115661849"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.41600000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.41600000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10366","display_name":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","score":0.1835000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.15629999339580536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatgpt","display_name":"ChatGPT","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-writing-quality","display_name":"academic writing quality","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-theses","display_name":"student theses","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-writing","display_name":"Spanish writing","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-indicators","display_name":"linguistic indicators","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohesion","display_name":"cohesion","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-diversity","display_name":"lexical diversity","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-differences","display_name":"institutional differences","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-change","display_name":"lexical change","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-integrity","display_name":"academic integrity","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150670947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43091","display_name":"Orthography","level":3,"score":0.6141999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8795937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11862829","display_name":"Discipline","level":2,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119867837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119870","display_name":"Academic writing","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76188268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783165","display_name":"Context effect","level":3,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780790391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149626","display_name":"Written language","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175293574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697133","display_name":"Word lists by frequency","level":3,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776931063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781738","display_name":"Appropriation","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C532629269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865083","display_name":"Corpus linguistics","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197947376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608","display_name":"Comparability","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778097261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554052","display_name":"Linguistic landscape","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42979-026-05334-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-05334-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-026-05334-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174798","display_name":"SN Computer Science","issn_l":"2661-8907","issn":["2661-8907","2662-995X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SN Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1897344409","https://openalex.org/W2084046180","https://openalex.org/W2167506898","https://openalex.org/W2472359755","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W4300427454","https://openalex.org/W4353007481","https://openalex.org/W4387163695","https://openalex.org/W4387819663","https://openalex.org/W4388601283","https://openalex.org/W4389724691","https://openalex.org/W4393332345","https://openalex.org/W4394993591","https://openalex.org/W4396752388","https://openalex.org/W4396788662","https://openalex.org/W4398161380","https://openalex.org/W4399377871","https://openalex.org/W4400128681","https://openalex.org/W4400411628","https://openalex.org/W4401183950","https://openalex.org/W4401517553","https://openalex.org/W4403192470","https://openalex.org/W4403941029","https://openalex.org/W4404252151","https://openalex.org/W4404971825","https://openalex.org/W4405003396","https://openalex.org/W4405018640","https://openalex.org/W4405712181","https://openalex.org/W4407123820","https://openalex.org/W4407208168","https://openalex.org/W4407681574","https://openalex.org/W4407842189","https://openalex.org/W4407952074","https://openalex.org/W4408308217","https://openalex.org/W4408398045","https://openalex.org/W4409560278","https://openalex.org/W4409578204","https://openalex.org/W4409840350","https://openalex.org/W4410442726","https://openalex.org/W4410707203","https://openalex.org/W4411001249","https://openalex.org/W4412377995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163698675","https://openalex.org/W4410707203","https://openalex.org/W7166702511","https://openalex.org/W7163999710","https://openalex.org/W4415656020","https://openalex.org/W7211945022","https://openalex.org/W4416841337","https://openalex.org/W7133884004","https://openalex.org/W7148780284","https://openalex.org/W7214061985"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00"}