{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213612276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.19989","title":"Benchmarking LLM Compliance with China AI Generated Content Regulations","display_name":"Benchmarking LLM Compliance with China AI Generated Content Regulations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213612276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.19989"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.19989","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19989","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19989","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19989","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152116700","display_name":"Chenrui Cui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cui, Chenrui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology , Tongji University , Shanghai , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology , Tongji University , Shanghai , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126456621","display_name":"Hongye Fang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang, Hongye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology , Tongji University , Shanghai , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology , Tongji University , Shanghai , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152147103","display_name":"Lisha Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song, Lisha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology , Tongji University , Shanghai , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology , Tongji University , Shanghai , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152124427","display_name":"Weichao Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Weichao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology , Tongji University , Shanghai , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology , Tongji University , Shanghai , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152125965","display_name":"Yue Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Law School of Tongji University , Shanghai , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Law School of Tongji University , Shanghai , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141112516","display_name":"Gang Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Gang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Law School of Tongji University , Shanghai , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Law School of Tongji University , Shanghai , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7226999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7226999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.08089999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.07530000060796738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refusal-rates","display_name":"refusal rates","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideological-alignment","display_name":"ideological alignment","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-question","display_name":"constitutional question","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-evaluation","display_name":"LLM evaluation","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7756999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7335000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.19989","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19989","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19989","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.19989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.19989","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.19989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.19989","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19989","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19989","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213612276.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213612276.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399795620","https://openalex.org/W4404306556","https://openalex.org/W7214113085","https://openalex.org/W4414817028","https://openalex.org/W6979230059","https://openalex.org/W4387560454","https://openalex.org/W4366735819","https://openalex.org/W4402667035","https://openalex.org/W4411379425","https://openalex.org/W4388685075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,78],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,27,103,108,147],"LLMs":[4,142],"has":[5],"led":[6],"to":[7,16,59,83,122,136],"escalating":[8],"content":[9,37],"compliance":[10,38,62,104,150],"risks.":[11],"Prior":[12],"works":[13],"have":[14],"contributed":[15],"addressing":[17],"these":[18],"risks":[19],"in":[20],"the":[21,25,61,106,113,132],"English":[22],"context,":[23],"downplaying":[24],"complexity":[26],"Chinese":[28,110,139],"language":[29],"content.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"follows":[33],"China's":[34,51],"current":[35],"AI-Generated":[36],"requirements":[39],"and":[40,63,112,140],"provides":[41],"evaluation":[42],"results":[43],"on":[44,88],"20":[45],"notable":[46],"LLMs,":[47],"offering":[48],"insight":[49],"into":[50],"regulatory":[52,128],"landscape.":[53],"We":[54,125],"design":[55],"a":[56,127,144],"novel":[57],"framework":[58,79],"assess":[60],"refusal":[64],"rates":[65],"with":[66],"2303":[67],"questions":[68],"spanning":[69],"six":[70],"distinct":[71],"dimensions,":[72],"including":[73],"203":[74],"self-constructed":[75],"constitutional":[76],"questions.":[77],"employs":[80],"several":[81],"judges":[82],"generate":[84],"verdicts":[85],"independently":[86],"based":[87],"their":[89],"hierarchical":[90],"alignment":[91],"memory.":[92],"Our":[93],"findings":[94],"show":[95],"that":[96,130],"international":[97],"models":[98],"also":[99],"exhibit":[100],"high":[101],"levels":[102],"despite":[105],"use":[107],"standard":[109],"questions,":[111],"main":[114],"differences":[115],"may":[116],"stem":[117],"from":[118],"dimensions":[119],"closely":[120],"related":[121],"ideological":[123],"alignment.":[124],"establish":[126],"benchmark":[129],"enables":[131],"global":[133],"AI":[134],"community":[135],"evaluate":[137],"both":[138],"non-Chinese":[141],"under":[143],"unified":[145],"set":[146],"legally":[148],"grounded":[149],"requirements.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00"}