{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213609369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","title":"Age-Related Cognitive Slowing and Wrong-Target Errors on the Trail Making Test in Virtual Reality Across the Adult Lifespan","display_name":"Age-Related Cognitive Slowing and Wrong-Target Errors on the Trail Making Test in Virtual Reality Across the Adult Lifespan","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213609369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075100191","display_name":"Panagiotis Kourtesis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2914-1064","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2914-1064"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Kourtesis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2914-1064","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151829541","display_name":"Katerina Denaxa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8704-2697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8704-2697"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katerina Denaxa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151700970","display_name":"Lydia Asimakopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6770-8852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6770-8852"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lydia Asimakopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055590781","display_name":"Christina Anastasopoulou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Anastasopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025988331","display_name":"\u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-2117","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-2117"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petros Roussos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-2117","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091340923","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Roussou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-162X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-162X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Roussou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-162X","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001937624","display_name":"Ion Beratis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-4571","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-4571"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ion Beratis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037111852","display_name":"Chrysanthi Nega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-6014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-6014"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chrysanthi Nega","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":0.31790000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":0.31790000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.2619999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14434","display_name":"Historical and Modern Theater Studies","score":0.25369998812675476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trail-making-test","display_name":"Trail Making Test","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"virtual reality","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-aging","display_name":"cognitive aging","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/completion-time","display_name":"completion time","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-function","display_name":"executive function","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-lifespan","display_name":"adult lifespan","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-norms","display_name":"age norms","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-effects","display_name":"education effects","score":0.4880000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3997285","display_name":"Trail Making Test","level":4,"score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986811735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692577","display_name":"Cognitive aging","level":3,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117250062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4685920","display_name":"Adult development","level":2,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6057870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141248","display_name":"Cognitive test","level":3,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500499127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332154","display_name":"Ageing","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779758577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1202615","display_name":"Middle age","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140441792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910672","display_name":"Cognitive development","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:906f9da1-abd7-4320-b8d3-8015ebedcfee","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/mpyq2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpyq2_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214536317","https://openalex.org/W2016930202","https://openalex.org/W1988724574","https://openalex.org/W3006362936","https://openalex.org/W2140602588","https://openalex.org/W2472327276","https://openalex.org/W7223001043","https://openalex.org/W3161552460","https://openalex.org/W6930829510","https://openalex.org/W7143507075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Age-related":[0],"differences":[1,24],"in":[2,30,298],"cognitive":[3],"test":[4],"performance":[5],"must":[6],"be":[7,324],"characterised":[8],"for":[9,319],"each":[10,81,211],"assessment":[11],"format":[12],"before":[13],"scores":[14,106,153,271,337],"can":[15],"inform":[16],"individual":[17],"interpretation.":[18],"This":[19,241],"cross-sectional":[20],"study":[21],"examined":[22,48],"age-related":[23,270],"on":[25,177,188,338],"the":[26,38,43,59,102,108,130,185,189,201,224,236,268,307,335],"Trail":[27,39],"Making":[28,40],"Test":[29],"Virtual":[31],"Reality":[32],"(TMT-VR),":[33],"an":[34,254,291,320],"immersive":[35],"adaptation":[36],"of":[37,82,101,149,158,195,207,256],"Test,":[41],"across":[42,184,247,317],"adult":[44,84,186],"lifespan.":[45],"Specifically,":[46],"it":[47,69,78,276,290],"whether":[49,58,68,77],"completion":[50,169,280],"time":[51,170,281,329],"and":[52,66,94,99,104,133,138,154,171,200,282,302,330],"wrong-target":[53,175,331],"errors":[54,176,332],"increased":[55],"with":[56,125,144,167,173,192,233,244,264,279],"age,":[57],"age":[60,109,135,160,163,234,284,321,340],"association":[61,285,322],"differed":[62],"between":[63],"Parts":[64],"A":[65,230],"B,":[67],"was":[70,164,206,220,266,286],"linear":[71,183],"or":[72,253],"accelerated":[73],"at":[74,197,272],"older":[75,198],"ages,":[76,199],"held":[79],"within":[80,210],"three":[83],"developmental":[85,212],"periods,":[86],"namely":[87],"early":[88],"(19\u201339":[89],"years),":[90],"middle":[91],"(40\u201359":[92],"years)":[93,97],"late":[95],"(60\u201390":[96],"adulthood,":[98],"which":[100,261,339],"exported":[103],"derived":[105],"carried":[107],"signal.":[110],"The":[111,180,214],"sample":[112],"comprised":[113],"230":[114],"healthy":[115,299],"adults":[116],"aged":[117],"19\u201390":[118],"years":[119],"(131":[120],"women).":[121],"Part-level":[122],"mixed-effects":[123],"models":[124],"participant":[126],"random":[127],"intercepts":[128],"tested":[129],"linear,":[131],"quadratic":[132],"part-specific":[134],"terms;":[136],"age-band":[137],"age-balancing":[139],"robustness":[140],"analyses":[141],"followed,":[142],"together":[143],"a":[145,155],"comprehensive,":[146],"multiplicity-controlled":[147],"examination":[148],"all":[150],"26":[151],"TMT-VR":[152,336],"direct":[156],"comparison":[157],"their":[159],"associations.":[161],"Older":[162],"strongly":[165],"associated":[166],"longer":[168],"moderately":[172],"more":[174],"both":[178],"parts.":[179],"associations":[181],"were":[182,304],"range":[187],"modelled":[190],"scales,":[191],"no":[193,287],"evidence":[194,297],"acceleration":[196],"completion-time":[202,215],"slope":[203],"per":[204],"decade":[205],"similar":[208],"size":[209],"period.":[213],"Age":[216],"\u00d7":[217],"Part":[218,226,229],"interaction":[219],"not":[221],"clearly":[222],"supported;":[223],"absolute":[225],"B":[227],"minus":[228],"difference":[231],"grew":[232],"while":[235],"B/A":[237],"ratio":[238],"did":[239],"not.":[240],"is":[242],"compatible":[243],"proportional":[245],"slowing":[246],"parts,":[248],"without":[249],"establishing":[250],"equivalent":[251],"slopes":[252],"absence":[255],"executive":[257],"ageing.":[258],"Error-adjusted":[259],"time,":[260,327],"combines":[262],"duration":[263],"correctness,":[265],"among":[267],"most":[269],"every":[273],"level,":[274],"but":[275],"correlated":[277],".99":[278],"its":[283],"stronger,":[288],"making":[289],"economical":[292],"summary":[293],"rather":[294],"than":[295],"additional":[296],"adults.":[300],"Sex":[301],"education":[303],"unrelated":[305],"to":[306,323],"outcomes":[308],"beyond":[309],"age;":[310],"mean":[311],"selection":[312],"distance":[313],"varied":[314],"too":[315],"narrowly":[316],"participants":[318],"detectable.":[325],"Completion":[326],"error-adjusted":[328],"are":[333],"therefore":[334],"referencing":[341],"should":[342],"build.":[343]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00"}