{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213604072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.19545","title":"Where the LLM Ends and Reliable Decisions Begin","display_name":"Where the LLM Ends and Reliable Decisions Begin","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213604072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.19545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.19545","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19545","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19545","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19545","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151800377","display_name":"Priyadarshan Patil","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patil, Priyadarshan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136500949","display_name":"Abhishek Basu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basu, Abhishek","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137627108","display_name":"Vikas Reddy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reddy, Vikas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152141195","display_name":"Abhinav Gupta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gupta, Abhinav","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.2671000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.2671000063419342,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.1460999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.10769999772310257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem-formulation","display_name":"optimization problem formulation","score":0.37400001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.8873999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7605999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.697700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5372999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5095000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139571649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"Program optimization","level":3,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200833197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333707","display_name":"Compile time","level":3,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9957790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler construction","level":3,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115168132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55813","display_name":"Machine code","level":3,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.19545","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19545","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19545","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.19545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.19545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.19545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.19545","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19545","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.19545","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213604072.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213604072.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387560731","https://openalex.org/W4389115817","https://openalex.org/W4392273029","https://openalex.org/W4415272148","https://openalex.org/W4416055945","https://openalex.org/W7160129042","https://openalex.org/W7161840912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215129963","https://openalex.org/W4404783434","https://openalex.org/W4407942537","https://openalex.org/W7170531191","https://openalex.org/W7223283305","https://openalex.org/W7172535583","https://openalex.org/W7161840912","https://openalex.org/W7169477659","https://openalex.org/W7214994968","https://openalex.org/W7130599744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Systems":[0],"that":[1,67,93,191,196],"turn":[2],"natural-language":[3],"descriptions":[4],"of":[5,114,124,135,153,162,184,213],"optimization":[6],"problems":[7,113,166,195,200,206],"into":[8,27,69],"solver-ready":[9],"code":[10,70,102,121],"generally":[11],"use":[12],"a":[13,24,59,83,87,97,101,181,208,245],"language":[14,43,73,235],"model":[15,44,74],"at":[16,203],"every":[17,133],"stage,":[18],"including":[19],"the":[20,33,78,108,115,129,150,219,224],"final":[21],"translation":[22],"from":[23],"mathematical":[25],"formulation":[26,220],"executable":[28],"model-building":[29],"code.":[30,144],"We":[31,76],"propose":[32],"ANVIL":[34,226],"compiler":[35,64,80,119],"architecture,":[36],"where":[37,238],"we":[38,187],"separate":[39],"these":[40,175,214],"concerns.":[41],"A":[42,62],"is":[45,180],"called":[46],"only":[47],"once,":[48],"assisted":[49],"by":[50,233],"constraint":[51],"guidance":[52],"based":[53],"on":[54,107,230],"problem":[55],"type,":[56],"to":[57,96,142,193,218,223],"produce":[58],"LaTeX":[60,68],"formulation.":[61],"deterministic":[63,79,130],"then":[65],"translates":[66],"with":[71],"no":[72],"involvement.":[75],"describe":[77],"(a":[81],"normalizer,":[82],"recursive-descent":[84],"parser":[85],"producing":[86],"typed":[88],"intermediate":[89],"representation,":[90],"analysis":[91],"passes":[92],"bind":[94],"symbols":[95],"dataset":[98],"schema,":[99],"and":[100,104,111,138,167,177,186,205],"emitter)":[103],"evaluate":[105],"it":[106],"354":[109,125],"easy":[110,165],"hard":[112,170],"NLP4LP":[116],"benchmark.":[117],"The":[118,172],"produced":[120],"for":[122,169],"329":[123],"formulations":[126,158,190],"(92.9%),":[127],"taking":[128],"path":[131],"in":[132],"one":[134],"those":[136],"cases":[137],"never":[139],"falling":[140],"back":[141,217],"model-generated":[143],"Median":[145],"compile":[146],"time":[147],"was":[148],"below":[149],"10ms":[151],"resolution":[152],"our":[154,157],"timer.":[155],"Overall,":[156],"achieved":[159],"an":[160],"accuracy":[161,178],"98.9%":[163],"over":[164],"91.1%":[168],"problems.":[171],"gap":[173],"between":[174],"compilation":[176],"figures":[179],"key":[182],"point":[183],"analysis,":[185],"analyze":[188],"it:":[189],"failed":[192],"compile,":[194],"returned":[197],"as":[198,244],"infeasible,":[199],"raising":[201],"errors":[202,215],"runtime,":[204],"returning":[207],"wrong":[209],"objective.":[210],"Almost":[211],"all":[212],"trace":[216],"rather":[221,242],"than":[222,243],"translation.":[225],"performs":[227],"exceptionally":[228],"well":[229],"leading":[231],"benchmarks":[232],"using":[234],"models":[236],"purely":[237],"they":[239],"are":[240],"effective,":[241],"catch-all":[246],"tool.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00"}
