{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213537663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","title":"Bridging the Perception\u2013Performance Gap in Scientific Literacy: Evidence from Junior High School Students\u2019 Self-Reports and Objective Assessment","display_name":"Bridging the Perception\u2013Performance Gap in Scientific Literacy: Evidence from Junior High School Students\u2019 Self-Reports and Objective Assessment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213537663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42995791","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13736063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/15-1528/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/15-1528/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033151750","display_name":"Megawati Megawati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-6216","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-6216","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2396-5487"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4429535","display_name":"State University of Makassar","ror":"https://ror.org/05fzw1z08","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Megawati Megawati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctoral Program in Educational Sciences, Postgraduate Program Makassar South Sulawesi State University of Makassar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2396-5487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral Program in Educational Sciences, Postgraduate Program Makassar South Sulawesi State University of Makassar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008198636","display_name":"Muhiddin Palennari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-9846","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-9846"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4429535","display_name":"State University of Makassar","ror":"https://ror.org/05fzw1z08","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhiddin Palennari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biology Education Study Program Makassar South Sulawesi State University of Makassar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biology Education Study Program Makassar South Sulawesi State University of Makassar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029510954","display_name":"Khaeruddin Khaeruddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9025-7800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9025-7800"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4429535","display_name":"State University of Makassar","ror":"https://ror.org/05fzw1z08","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaeruddin Khaeruddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Education Study Program Makassar South Sulawesi State University of Makassar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Education Study Program Makassar South Sulawesi State University of Makassar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103201315","display_name":"Halimah Husain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1462-9777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1462-9777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4429535","display_name":"State University of Makassar","ror":"https://ror.org/05fzw1z08","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halimah Husain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemistry Education Study Program Makassar South Sulawesi State University of Makassar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry Education Study Program Makassar South Sulawesi State University of Makassar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019216191","display_name":"Ahmad Swandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-4416","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-4416"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113804","display_name":"Universitas Bosowa","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6mcq80","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113804"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Swandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Education Study Program Makassar South Sulawesi Bosowa University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Education Study Program Makassar South Sulawesi Bosowa University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033151750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4429535"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56871252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"1528","last_page":"1528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12931","display_name":"Educational Methods and Outcomes","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13600","display_name":"Science Education and Perceptions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-literacy","display_name":"scientific literacy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/junior-high-school-students","display_name":"junior high school students","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-based-learning","display_name":"project-based learning","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-explanation","display_name":"scientific explanation","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-interpretation","display_name":"data interpretation","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drawing-conclusions","display_name":"drawing conclusions","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-design","display_name":"experimental design","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-instruction","display_name":"science instruction","score":0.375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77379859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2064596","display_name":"Scientific literacy","level":3,"score":0.867900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5630999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5047000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124056412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3320364","display_name":"Scientific evidence","level":2,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992562121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817808","display_name":"Scientific reasoning","level":2,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195732255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q981008","display_name":"Sociology of scientific knowledge","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44877443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2485457","display_name":"Science education","level":2,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781083858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17327049","display_name":"Scientific literature","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778843546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3097973","display_name":"Health literacy","level":3,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33569630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7433816","display_name":"Scientific misconceptions","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067010","descriptor_name":"Literacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007214","descriptor_name":"Indonesia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012574","descriptor_name":"Schools","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012586","descriptor_name":"Science","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057566","descriptor_name":"Self Report","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/15-1528/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13736063","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736063/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736063/pdf/f1000research-15-209113.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42995791","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42995791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c514face218b4a9480376ae7f6185d43","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c514face218b4a9480376ae7f6185d43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research, Vol 15 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.189469.1","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/15-1528/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9901999831199646,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328515","display_name":"Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan","ror":"https://ror.org/05p2xef58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213537663.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213537663.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971836428","https://openalex.org/W1985135335","https://openalex.org/W2127753431","https://openalex.org/W2148272413","https://openalex.org/W2575265871","https://openalex.org/W2724125522","https://openalex.org/W2766853679","https://openalex.org/W2777674475","https://openalex.org/W2810172041","https://openalex.org/W2915112855","https://openalex.org/W2930010514","https://openalex.org/W2955338425","https://openalex.org/W2966137192","https://openalex.org/W2997059660","https://openalex.org/W3005174153","https://openalex.org/W3006632020","https://openalex.org/W3026509280","https://openalex.org/W3047766680","https://openalex.org/W3122753044","https://openalex.org/W3152896236","https://openalex.org/W3157494810","https://openalex.org/W4205506063","https://openalex.org/W4213446445","https://openalex.org/W4365518378","https://openalex.org/W4377242404","https://openalex.org/W4378902748","https://openalex.org/W4383102290","https://openalex.org/W4388109754","https://openalex.org/W4392633321","https://openalex.org/W4392639975","https://openalex.org/W4394606250","https://openalex.org/W4401868808","https://openalex.org/W4409500410","https://openalex.org/W4409552393","https://openalex.org/W4409676297","https://openalex.org/W4410257834","https://openalex.org/W4412040314","https://openalex.org/W4414875289","https://openalex.org/W4416363550","https://openalex.org/W7169834978","https://openalex.org/W7202294634","https://openalex.org/W7203910457","https://openalex.org/W7203949012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163530747","https://openalex.org/W4388493166","https://openalex.org/W4388493170","https://openalex.org/W4409775893","https://openalex.org/W4210621586","https://openalex.org/W4367359218","https://openalex.org/W7216574550","https://openalex.org/W2988659009","https://openalex.org/W4414220671","https://openalex.org/W4405627450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Scientific":[1],"literacy":[2,58,76,149,190,196,243,275],"involves":[3],"not":[4,35],"only":[5],"students'":[6,27,56,71,131,240,273,292],"knowledge":[7],"of":[8,29,55],"scientific":[9,19,32,57,75,140,148,162,189,195,226,242,256,274,289],"concepts":[10],"but":[11],"also":[12,143],"their":[13,30,250,297],"ability":[14,293],"to":[15,38,66,78,294],"explain":[16],"phenomena,":[17],"interpret":[18],"information,":[20],"draw":[21],"conclusions,":[22],"and":[23,59,73,77,125,138,168,180,225,261,291],"design":[24,92,224],"investigations.":[25],"However,":[26],"perceptions":[28],"own":[31],"competence":[33,209],"may":[34],"always":[36],"correspond":[37],"what":[39],"they":[40],"can":[41,49,264],"demonstrate":[42],"through":[43,111],"objective":[44,147,262],"assessment.":[45],"Examining":[46],"both":[47],"perspectives":[48],"provide":[50,266],"a":[51,145,200,245,267],"more":[52,246,268],"comprehensive":[53],"understanding":[54],"learning":[60,133,136,179],"needs.":[61,276],"Purpose:":[62],"This":[63],"study":[64],"aimed":[65],"examine":[67],"junior":[68,97],"high":[69,98],"school":[70,99],"perceived":[72,139,188,208,241],"demonstrated":[74,173,194,212,251],"identify":[79],"discrepancies":[80],"between":[81],"the":[82,118,204,232],"two":[83,102],"across":[84,161],"directly":[85],"comparable":[86,206],"domains.":[87],"Methods:":[88],"A":[89],"descriptive":[90],"comparative":[91],"was":[93,191,197],"employed":[94],"with":[95,177,183],"30":[96],"students":[100],"from":[101],"schools":[103],"in":[104,218],"Luwu":[105],"Regency,":[106],"South":[107],"Sulawesi,":[108],"Indonesia,":[109],"selected":[110],"purposive":[112],"sampling.":[113],"Data":[114],"were":[115,155],"collected":[116],"using":[117],"Junior":[119],"High":[120],"School":[121],"Science":[122,277],"Learning":[123],"Needs":[124],"Initial":[126],"Profile":[127],"Questionnaire,":[128],"which":[129],"examined":[130],"science":[132,178],"interest,":[134],"project-based":[135,184],"experience,":[137],"literacy.":[141],"Students":[142,172],"completed":[144],"15-item":[146],"assessment":[150,263],"scored":[151],"dichotomously.":[152],"Descriptive":[153],"analyses":[154],"conducted,":[156],"followed":[157,221],"by":[158,222],"domain-level":[159],"comparisons":[160],"explanation,":[163,227,290],"data/graph/table":[164,229],"interpretation,":[165],"conclusion":[166,219,285],"drawing,":[167,220,286],"experimental/investigation":[169,223],"design.":[170],"Results:":[171],"generally":[174],"positive":[175],"engagement":[176],"substantial":[181],"experience":[182],"learning.":[185],"Their":[186],"overall":[187],"68.50%,":[192],"whereas":[193],"39.80%,":[198],"indicating":[199],"28.70-percentage-point":[201],"discrepancy.":[202,234],"Across":[203],"four":[205],"domains,":[207],"consistently":[210],"exceeded":[211],"performance.":[213,299],"The":[214,236],"largest":[215],"discrepancy":[216],"occurred":[217],"while":[228],"interpretation":[230],"showed":[231],"smallest":[233],"Conclusion:":[235],"findings":[237],"indicate":[238],"that":[239],"provides":[244],"favorable":[247],"picture":[248],"than":[249],"performance,":[252],"particularly":[253],"for":[254,271],"higher-order":[255],"reasoning":[257],"competencies.":[258],"Combining":[259],"self-report":[260],"therefore":[265],"informative":[269],"basis":[270],"identifying":[272],"instruction":[278],"should":[279],"place":[280],"greater":[281],"emphasis":[282],"on":[283,296],"evidence-based":[284],"experimental":[287],"reasoning,":[288],"reflect":[295],"actual":[298]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00"}