{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213533875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles as central mediators of microbiota\u2013host communication","display_name":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles as central mediators of microbiota\u2013host communication","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213533875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42828074","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13631488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484704948","display_name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","issn_l":"1664-302X","issn":["1664-302X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061770304","display_name":"Sinem \u00d6ktem Okullu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-0930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-0930","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2127-9667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I322491407","display_name":"Ac\u0131badem University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp2a061","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sinem Oktem Okullu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092784182","display_name":"S\u00fcmeyye Akcelik-Deveci","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405392","display_name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9tma90","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00fcmeyye Akcelik-Deveci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117127656","display_name":"Yaren B\u00fcy\u00fckcolak-Cebeci","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I322491407","display_name":"Ac\u0131badem University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp2a061","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaren Buyukcolak-Cebeci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107155081","display_name":"Selcen Necibe Gokduman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I322491407","display_name":"Ac\u0131badem University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp2a061","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selcen Necibe Gokduman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115666299","display_name":"Gizem \u015eele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I322491407","display_name":"Ac\u0131badem University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp2a061","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gizem Sele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061770304"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I322491407"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42273745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1910885","last_page":"1910885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10773","display_name":"Extracellular vesicles in disease","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10773","display_name":"Extracellular vesicles in disease","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10943","display_name":"Escherichia coli research studies","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10873","display_name":"Bacterial Infections and Vaccines","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-extracellular-vesicles","display_name":"bacterial extracellular vesicles","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quorum-sensing","display_name":"quorum sensing","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biofilm-regulation","display_name":"biofilm regulation","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizontal-gene-transfer","display_name":"horizontal gene transfer","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunomodulation","display_name":"immunomodulation","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogenic-bacteria","display_name":"pathogenic bacteria","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commensal-bacteria","display_name":"commensal bacteria","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotics","display_name":"probiotics","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammation","display_name":"inflammation","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epithelial-protection","display_name":"epithelial protection","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vesicle-biogenesis","display_name":"vesicle biogenesis","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cargo-selection","display_name":"cargo selection","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vesicle-heterogeneity","display_name":"vesicle heterogeneity","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers","display_name":"biomarkers","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-development","display_name":"vaccine development","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery","display_name":"drug delivery","score":0.8740000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908689518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21097485","display_name":"Extracellular vesicle","level":5,"score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58123911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467410","display_name":"Biofilm","level":3,"score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992929900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21097485","display_name":"Extracellular vesicles","level":2,"score":0.6165000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5723000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118687296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905754","display_name":"Quorum sensing","level":4,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.5364999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28406088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Extracellular","level":2,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189206","display_name":"Vesicle","level":3,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6840469","display_name":"Microvesicles","level":4,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24107716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123619","display_name":"Nucleic acid","level":2,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101014631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4889568","display_name":"Microbial metabolism","level":3,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781261824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903634","display_name":"Exosome","level":5,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909763251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6840469","display_name":"Microvesicle","level":5,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207001950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124","display_name":"In vivo","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145059251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310899","display_name":"microRNA","level":3,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484704948","display_name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","issn_l":"1664-302X","issn":["1664-302X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42828074","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42828074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in microbiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13631488","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13631488/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Microbiol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f6b7e8c2e8c4bf6bb778d6fa2e307f4","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f6b7e8c2e8c4bf6bb778d6fa2e307f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1910885/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484704948","display_name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","issn_l":"1664-302X","issn":["1664-302X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Microbiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213533875.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213533875.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978955250","https://openalex.org/W1996138469","https://openalex.org/W2012163392","https://openalex.org/W2036999399","https://openalex.org/W2052585890","https://openalex.org/W2111951615","https://openalex.org/W2218656852","https://openalex.org/W2255008104","https://openalex.org/W2511419813","https://openalex.org/W2519211553","https://openalex.org/W2769283147","https://openalex.org/W2787932709","https://openalex.org/W2908122377","https://openalex.org/W3004817752","https://openalex.org/W3013137181","https://openalex.org/W3092698886","https://openalex.org/W3130654618","https://openalex.org/W3135563487","https://openalex.org/W3160322354","https://openalex.org/W3185764536","https://openalex.org/W3195204864","https://openalex.org/W4296805213","https://openalex.org/W4310663988","https://openalex.org/W4318763455","https://openalex.org/W4327745747","https://openalex.org/W4353017225","https://openalex.org/W4385060689","https://openalex.org/W4386352025","https://openalex.org/W4386476075","https://openalex.org/W4387213154","https://openalex.org/W4387952754","https://openalex.org/W4391649568","https://openalex.org/W4392195749","https://openalex.org/W4393167069","https://openalex.org/W4393871410","https://openalex.org/W4399138837","https://openalex.org/W4400260328","https://openalex.org/W4400412871","https://openalex.org/W4401929664","https://openalex.org/W4402496557","https://openalex.org/W4402666583","https://openalex.org/W4402950141","https://openalex.org/W4403953188","https://openalex.org/W4404319938","https://openalex.org/W4405570651","https://openalex.org/W4406125369","https://openalex.org/W4406698819","https://openalex.org/W4407290458","https://openalex.org/W4407797856","https://openalex.org/W4408240092","https://openalex.org/W4408752218","https://openalex.org/W4409159402","https://openalex.org/W4409271232","https://openalex.org/W4409383369","https://openalex.org/W4409918909","https://openalex.org/W4410313116","https://openalex.org/W4410447310","https://openalex.org/W4410626672","https://openalex.org/W4410754992","https://openalex.org/W4411500941","https://openalex.org/W4412521245","https://openalex.org/W4413452559","https://openalex.org/W4413981117","https://openalex.org/W4414585844","https://openalex.org/W4414663386","https://openalex.org/W4414972514","https://openalex.org/W4415520983","https://openalex.org/W4415567190","https://openalex.org/W4416723372","https://openalex.org/W4416723934","https://openalex.org/W4417046614","https://openalex.org/W4417535319","https://openalex.org/W7118262463","https://openalex.org/W7126171177","https://openalex.org/W7126250788","https://openalex.org/W7130510642","https://openalex.org/W7140566611","https://openalex.org/W7154905359","https://openalex.org/W7162629246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172281555","https://openalex.org/W4385879630","https://openalex.org/W7130511509","https://openalex.org/W4308937075","https://openalex.org/W4402950141","https://openalex.org/W3160322354","https://openalex.org/W4365457627","https://openalex.org/W4408240092","https://openalex.org/W4394955279","https://openalex.org/W3117985684"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bacterial":[0],"extracellular":[1],"vesicles":[2],"(BEVs)":[3],"are":[4,79],"nanoscale,":[5],"lipid":[6],"bilayer\u2013enclosed":[7],"structures":[8],"released":[9],"by":[10],"both":[11],"Gram-negative":[12],"and":[13,23,39,51,63,71,76,86,103,112,115,127,141,144,148,165],"Gram-positive":[14],"bacteria":[15],"that":[16,57,151],"act":[17],"as":[18,94,158],"active":[19],"mediators":[20],"of":[21,30,119],"microbial":[22,61,163],"host\u2013microbe":[24],"communication":[25],"rather":[26],"than":[27],"simple":[28],"byproducts":[29],"membrane":[31],"turnover.":[32],"By":[33],"packaging":[34],"proteins,":[35],"nucleic":[36],"acids,":[37],"lipids,":[38],"metabolites,":[40],"BEVs":[41,67,78,93,157],"participate":[42],"in":[43,120],"quorum":[44],"sensing,":[45],"biofilm":[46],"regulation,":[47],"horizontal":[48],"gene":[49],"transfer,":[50],"immune":[52,87],"modulation,":[53],"with":[54],"functional":[55],"outcomes":[56],"depend":[58],"strongly":[59],"on":[60,136],"origin":[62],"environmental":[64],"context:":[65],"pathogen-derived":[66],"frequently":[68],"promote":[69],"inflammation":[70],"tissue":[72],"damage,":[73],"whereas":[74],"commensal-":[75],"probiotic-derived":[77],"more":[80],"often":[81],"linked":[82],"to":[83,124,155],"epithelial":[84],"protection":[85],"regulation.":[88],"These":[89],"properties":[90],"have":[91],"positioned":[92],"promising":[95],"translational":[96,149],"tools":[97],"for":[98],"biomarker":[99],"discovery,":[100],"vaccine":[101],"development,":[102],"engineered":[104],"drug":[105],"delivery.":[106],"However,":[107],"vesicle":[108],"heterogeneity,":[109],"inconsistent":[110],"isolation":[111],"purification":[113],"methods,":[114],"an":[116],"incomplete":[117],"understanding":[118],"vivo":[121],"behavior":[122],"continue":[123],"limit":[125],"reproducibility":[126],"slow":[128],"clinical":[129],"translation.":[130],"Here,":[131],"we":[132],"synthesize":[133],"current":[134],"evidence":[135],"BEV":[137],"biogenesis,":[138],"cargo":[139],"selection,":[140],"biological":[142],"function,":[143],"outline":[145],"the":[146],"methodological":[147],"challenges":[150],"must":[152],"be":[153],"addressed":[154],"establish":[156],"a":[159],"validated":[160],"interface":[161],"between":[162],"activity":[164],"host":[166],"physiology.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00"}