{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213530396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","title":"Interfacial Bond Strength of Concrete-Filled Galvanized Steel Tubes: Push-Out Experiments, Geometry-Grouped Machine Learning, and Multi-Criteria Optimization","display_name":"Interfacial Bond Strength of Concrete-Filled Galvanized Steel Tubes: Push-Out Experiments, Geometry-Grouped Machine Learning, and Multi-Criteria Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213530396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10688604/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10688604/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048996977","display_name":"Chethan Kumar S","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chethan Kumar S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jakson Green Limited"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jakson Green Limited","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152017885","display_name":"Sandesh N U","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17353258","display_name":"B.M.S. College of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02g4pvf45","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17353258"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandesh N U","raw_affiliation_strings":["B.M.S College of engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"B.M.S College of engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17353258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152011448","display_name":"T S Anusha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T S Anusha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jakson Green Limited"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jakson Green Limited","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152012597","display_name":"N. S. Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. S. Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghousia College of Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghousia College of Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066322032","display_name":"L. K. Ashwini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5515-8065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5515-8065"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L K Ashwini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr Ambedkar Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr Ambedkar Institute of Technology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061184155","display_name":"Syed Sharfuddin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Sharfuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghousia College of Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghousia College of Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084585171","display_name":"Apsar Pasha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6342-9969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6342-9969"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apsar Pasha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghousia College of Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghousia College of Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5152017885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17353258"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10713","display_name":"Structural Load-Bearing Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10713","display_name":"Structural Load-Bearing Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10479","display_name":"Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12940","display_name":"Structural Engineering and Materials Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-filled-steel-tubes","display_name":"concrete-filled steel tubes","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-bond-strength","display_name":"interfacial strength","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/push-out-test","display_name":"push-out test","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-load-transfer","display_name":"interfacial load transfer","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-action","display_name":"composite action","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-strength","display_name":"concrete strength","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tube-geometry","display_name":"tube geometry","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/length-to-diameter-ratio","display_name":"length-to-diameter ratio","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wall-thickness","display_name":"wall thickness","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taguchi-method","display_name":"Taguchi method","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-regression","display_name":"support vector regression","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moora","display_name":"MOORA","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copras","display_name":"COPRAS","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.8700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83469408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2036525","display_name":"Taguchi methods","level":2,"score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159096172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914535","display_name":"Bond strength","level":4,"score":0.6753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8846229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690418","display_name":"Galvanization","level":3,"score":0.6352999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42632107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2031860","display_name":"Orthogonal array","level":3,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2093072","display_name":"Tube (container)","level":2,"score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11693","display_name":"Bond","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135692309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111124","display_name":"Square (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76475535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7533418","display_name":"Size effect on structural strength","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155860418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863695","display_name":"Bond length","level":3,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204217086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240553","display_name":"Strength of materials","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10688604/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10688604/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10688604/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213530396.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213530396.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1987940011","https://openalex.org/W1993368081","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2013669495","https://openalex.org/W2141007997","https://openalex.org/W2238569503","https://openalex.org/W2749213917","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913360454","https://openalex.org/W3006516303","https://openalex.org/W3164660670","https://openalex.org/W3203607081","https://openalex.org/W4224252483","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4390838392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394631234","https://openalex.org/W7223384978","https://openalex.org/W4386387451","https://openalex.org/W4404038733","https://openalex.org/W7203553918","https://openalex.org/W2592473536","https://openalex.org/W7099709517","https://openalex.org/W4224252483","https://openalex.org/W2322200913","https://openalex.org/W2238569503"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Interfacial":[1],"load":[2],"transfer":[3],"governs":[4],"composite":[5],"action":[6],"in":[7,137],"concrete-filled":[8,37],"steel":[9,39],"tubes,":[10],"yet":[11],"the":[12,32,96,153,189,208,211,231,237],"combined":[13],"effects":[14],"of":[15,36,64,69,75,91],"concrete":[16,48,112,140],"strength":[17,35,80,113],"and":[18,53,72,89,118,167,184,203,218],"tube":[19,62,228],"geometry":[20,59,145,229],"remain":[21],"difficult":[22],"to":[23,84],"quantify":[24],"when":[25],"experiments":[26],"are":[27],"limited.":[28],"This":[29],"study":[30],"evaluates":[31],"push-out":[33],"bond":[34,79,213],"galvanized":[38],"tubes":[40],"using":[41],"27":[42],"reported":[43],"observations":[44],"arranged":[45],"as":[46,95,207],"three":[47],"grades":[49,141],"(nominal":[50],"M40,":[51],"M50,":[52],"M70)":[54],"across":[55],"a":[56,225],"Taguchi":[57,190],"L9":[58,144],"matrix":[60],"comprising":[61],"diameters":[63],"33.7\u201348.3":[65],"mm,":[66,71,198,202],"wall":[67,106],"thicknesses":[68],"2.6-4.0":[70],"length-to-diameter":[73],"ratios":[74],"12\u201316.":[76],"The":[77,221],"measured":[78],"ranged":[81],"from":[82,249],"0.830":[83],"2.062":[85],"MPa.":[86,220],"Main-effect":[87],"analysis":[88,90],"variance":[92],"identified":[93],"L/D":[94,204],"dominant":[97],"factor":[98],"(33.13%":[99],"contribution,":[100],"p":[101,109,115,121],"<":[102],"0.001),":[103],"followed":[104],"by":[105,133],"thickness":[107],"(19.43%,":[108],"=":[110,116,122,157,160,164,169,196,200,205],"0.003),":[111],"(17.44%,":[114],"0.004),":[117],"diameter":[119],"(8.86%,":[120],"0.043).":[123],"To":[124],"avoid":[125],"optimistic":[126],"model":[127],"assessment,":[128],"machine-learning":[129],"models":[130],"were":[131,146,174,215],"evaluated":[132],"nested,":[134],"geometry-grouped":[135],"cross-validation,":[136],"which":[138],"all":[139],"sharing":[142],"one":[143],"withheld":[147],"together.":[148],"Support":[149],"vector":[150],"regression":[151],"provided":[152],"best":[154],"generalization":[155],"(R\u00b2":[156],"0.719,":[158],"RMSE":[159],"0.193":[161],"MPa,":[162,166],"MAE":[163],"0.157":[165],"MAPE":[168],"10.87%),":[170],"whereas":[171],"tree":[172],"ensembles":[173],"less":[175],"reliable":[176],"for":[177,245],"this":[178],"small":[179],"structured":[180],"dataset.":[181],"Entropy-weighted":[182],"MOORA":[183],"COPRAS":[185],"analyses,":[186],"together":[187],"with":[188],"larger-the-better":[191],"criterion,":[192],"consistently":[193],"selected":[194],"D":[195],"42.2":[197],"t":[199],"4.0":[201],"12":[206],"robust":[209],"optimum;":[210],"corresponding":[212],"strengths":[214],"1.899,":[216],"1.915,":[217],"1.802":[219],"results":[222],"show":[223],"that":[224],"short,":[226],"thick-walled":[227],"provides":[230],"most":[232],"stable":[233],"interfacial":[234],"resistance":[235],"within":[236],"investigated":[238],"domain,":[239],"while":[240],"grouped":[241],"validation":[242],"is":[243],"essential":[244],"credible":[246],"data-driven":[247],"prediction":[248],"compact":[250],"experimental":[251],"designs.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00"}