{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213516461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","title":"FROM CONVENTIONAL CAMOUFLAGE TEXTILES TO METAMATERIAL-BASED COMBAT PROTECTION: REVIEW","display_name":"FROM CONVENTIONAL CAMOUFLAGE TEXTILES TO METAMATERIAL-BASED COMBAT PROTECTION: REVIEW","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213516461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol2.172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","pdf_url":"https://journal.etrconf.eu/std/article/download/172/71","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407065011","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Secure Systems Design and Technology Development","issn_l":"3044-7771","issn":["3044-7771"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Secure Systems Design and Technology Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journal.etrconf.eu/std/article/download/172/71","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159951576","display_name":"Mariya Georgieva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092588","display_name":"\"Professor Tsvetan Lazarov\" Defence Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00fr2wv68","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092588"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259838","display_name":"Bulgarian Defence Institute \"Professor Tsvetan Lazarov\"","ror":"https://ror.org/02tqp2911","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259838"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariya Georgieva","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u201eCombat Systems and Equipment\u201c, Defense Institute \u201eProfessor Tsvetan Lazarov\u201c, Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u201eCombat Systems and Equipment\u201c, Defense Institute \u201eProfessor Tsvetan Lazarov\u201c, Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092588","https://openalex.org/I4405259838"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147861636","display_name":"Petia Gencheva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092588","display_name":"\"Professor Tsvetan Lazarov\" Defence Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00fr2wv68","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092588"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259838","display_name":"Bulgarian Defence Institute \"Professor Tsvetan Lazarov\"","ror":"https://ror.org/02tqp2911","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259838"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petia Gencheva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Head of \u201eCombat Systems and Equipment\u201c, Defense Institute \u201eProfessor Tsvetan Lazarov\u201c, Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Head of \u201eCombat Systems and Equipment\u201c, Defense Institute \u201eProfessor Tsvetan Lazarov\u201c, Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092588","https://openalex.org/I4405259838"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7547619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"97","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12442","display_name":"Thermal Radiation and Cooling Technologies","score":0.04050000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11224","display_name":"Electromagnetic wave absorption materials","score":0.032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-camouflage","display_name":"military camouflage","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/split-ring-resonator","display_name":"split ring resonator","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation-optics","display_name":"transformation optics","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding-metasurface","display_name":"coding metasurface","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared-detection","display_name":"infrared detection","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-target-detection","display_name":"radar target detection","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"LiDAR","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"sensor fusion","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"automatic target recognition","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoprinting","display_name":"nanoprinting","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-polymers","display_name":"self-healing polymers","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omniphobic-coatings","display_name":"omniphobic coatings","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776196576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196113","display_name":"Camouflage","level":2,"score":0.9587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5340999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779669469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895508","display_name":"Battlefield","level":2,"score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781023928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348131","display_name":"Modern warfare","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164767435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28823","display_name":"Textile","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909720056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11406","display_name":"Electromagnetics","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778857364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974850","display_name":"Missile","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535899295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272999","display_name":"Masonry","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","pdf_url":"https://journal.etrconf.eu/std/article/download/172/71","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407065011","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Secure Systems Design and Technology Development","issn_l":"3044-7771","issn":["3044-7771"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Secure Systems Design and Technology Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68302/std2026.vol2.172","pdf_url":"https://journal.etrconf.eu/std/article/download/172/71","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407065011","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Secure Systems Design and Technology Development","issn_l":"3044-7771","issn":["3044-7771"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Secure Systems Design and Technology Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213516461.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213516461.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412662290","https://openalex.org/W2982812682","https://openalex.org/W4416581296","https://openalex.org/W3213654615","https://openalex.org/W4308991101","https://openalex.org/W6912957231","https://openalex.org/W4408596811","https://openalex.org/W4405080575","https://openalex.org/W4288067817","https://openalex.org/W4410755723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,76],"presents":[2],"a":[3,135],"conceptual":[4],"review":[5],"of":[6,9,28,35,120],"the":[7,25,33],"evolution":[8],"military":[10,141],"camouflage":[11,30,102],"systems":[12,123],"from":[13],"conventional":[14],"textile-based":[15],"concealment":[16],"to":[17,58],"advanced":[18],"metamaterial-enabled":[19],"multispectral":[20,140],"protection.":[21],"The":[22,75,113,127],"study":[23,128],"analyzes":[24],"current":[26],"limitations":[27],"traditional":[29],"materials":[31],"in":[32,94],"face":[34],"modern":[36],"detection":[37],"technologies,":[38],"including":[39],"infrared":[40],"imaging,":[41],"radar":[42],"systems,":[43],"LIDAR":[44],"platforms,":[45],"and":[46,50,70,80,89,99,117,150],"AI-assisted":[47],"sensor":[48],"fusion":[49],"automated":[51],"target-recognition":[52],"systems.":[53],"Particular":[54],"attention":[55],"is":[56,134],"given":[57],"metamaterial":[59,122],"structures":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62],"split-ring":[63],"resonators":[64],"(SRRs),":[65],"transformation":[66],"optics,":[67],"coding":[68],"metasurfaces,":[69],"adaptive":[71,100],"electromagnetic":[72],"shielding":[73],"concepts.":[74],"discusses":[77],"integrating":[78],"conductive":[79],"resonant":[81],"elements":[82],"into":[83],"textile":[84],"architectures":[85],"through":[86],"embroidery,":[87],"nanoprinting,":[88],"composite":[90],"fabrication.":[91],"Recent":[92],"developments":[93],"self-healing":[95],"polymers,":[96],"omniphobic":[97],"coatings,":[98],"thermal":[101],"are":[103,124],"also":[104],"reviewed":[105],"as":[106],"emerging":[107],"technologies":[108],"for":[109,138],"future":[110],"combat":[111,132],"equipment.":[112],"advantages,":[114],"operational":[115],"limitations,":[116],"engineering":[118],"challenges":[119,145],"wearable":[121],"critically":[125],"evaluated.":[126],"concludes":[129],"that":[130],"metamaterial-assisted":[131],"gear":[133],"promising":[136],"direction":[137],"next-generation":[139],"protection,":[142],"although":[143],"significant":[144],"remain":[146],"regarding":[147],"durability,":[148],"scalability,":[149],"battlefield":[151],"implementation.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00"}