{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213461289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x59b8p","title":"Variance-ranked sound speed bases misclassify the surface duct: limits of profile RMSE as a proxy for acoustic prediction skill in the Bay of Bengal","display_name":"Variance-ranked sound speed bases misclassify the surface duct: limits of profile RMSE as a proxy for acoustic prediction skill in the Bay of Bengal","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213461289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x59b8p"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x59b8p","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x59b8p","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x59b8p","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15019/download/26107/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15019/download/26107/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057742823","display_name":"Derin George","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2965-9222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2965-9222"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47885761","display_name":"Indian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ab9nq73","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47885761"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Derin George","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Maritime University \u2022 Visakhapatnam , India","Thalwag \u2022 Kochi , India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2965-9222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Maritime University \u2022 Visakhapatnam , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47885761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thalwag \u2022 Kochi , India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057742823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47885761"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.8476999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.8476999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.07569999992847443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-duct","display_name":"surface duct","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argo-profiles","display_name":"Argo profiles","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bay-of-bengal","display_name":"Bay of Bengal","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-height","display_name":"dynamic height","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altimetry","display_name":"altimetry","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocean-acoustics","display_name":"ocean acoustics","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6888999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115880899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124247","display_name":"Bay","level":2,"score":0.5476999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779753020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19929660","display_name":"Transmission loss","level":2,"score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200351514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124003","display_name":"Speed of sound","level":2,"score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51614570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647931","display_name":"Argo","level":2,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781212128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256181","display_name":"Duct (anatomy)","level":2,"score":0.428600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152781226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7564819","display_name":"Sound transmission class","level":2,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17534553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216197","display_name":"Altimeter","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988709989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85784623","display_name":"Mean square","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780789209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4835435","display_name":"BENGAL","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776532659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2230528","display_name":"Sound exposure","level":3,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31223/x59b8p","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x59b8p","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x59b8p","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15019/download/26107/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EA:id:15019","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15019/download/26107/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402614","display_name":"EarthArXiv (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EarthArXiv","raw_type":"PREPRINTS"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x59b8p","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x59b8p","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x59b8p","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15019/download/26107/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5769000053405762,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213461289.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213461289.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976051399","https://openalex.org/W1997921628","https://openalex.org/W2042792288","https://openalex.org/W2315214198","https://openalex.org/W4311864885","https://openalex.org/W4366188925","https://openalex.org/W4396973037","https://openalex.org/W4410996131","https://openalex.org/W7172412445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406120639","https://openalex.org/W4311864885","https://openalex.org/W2803767598","https://openalex.org/W4412390869","https://openalex.org/W4366188925","https://openalex.org/W4376627371","https://openalex.org/W4290693694","https://openalex.org/W3215132286","https://openalex.org/W3198817065","https://openalex.org/W4392169464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sound":[0],"speed":[1],"profile":[2,17,181],"(SSP)":[3],"estimation":[4],"from":[5,24,155,218,256],"surface":[6,157],"observables":[7,158],"is":[8,12,72,98,253],"operationally":[9],"mature":[10],"and":[11,36,46,62,152,195,243],"evaluated":[13,241],"almost":[14],"universally":[15],"by":[16,227],"root-mean-square":[18],"error.":[19],"Using":[20],"19,934":[21],"Argo":[22],"profiles":[23],"the":[25,76,87,101,150,174,178,190,196,248,250,257],"Bay":[26],"of":[27,75,89,116,134,149,206],"Bengal":[28],"(2005\u20132020),":[29],"season-stratified":[30],"empirical":[31],"orthogonal":[32],"function":[33],"(EOF)":[34],"bases,":[35],"BELLHOP":[37],"transmission":[38],"loss":[39],"(TL)":[40],"at":[41,86,159],"500":[42],"Hz,":[43],"1500":[44],"Hz":[45,48],"3500":[47],"over":[49],"24":[50],"held-out":[51,135],"locations,":[52],"we":[53],"show":[54],"that":[55,232,244],"this":[56,246],"metric":[57],"can":[58],"be":[59,240],"decoupled":[60],"from,":[61],"even":[63],"inverted":[64],"relative":[65],"to,":[66],"acoustic":[67,188,237],"prediction":[68],"skill.":[69],"The":[70,144],"mechanism":[71],"a":[73,109,165,202],"property":[74],"basis.":[77],"A":[78,170],"variance-ranked":[79],"EOF":[80],"expansion":[81],"places":[82],"its":[83],"leading":[84],"modes":[85,141,146],"depth":[88],"maximum":[90],"variance,":[91],"near":[92],"100":[93],"m,":[94],"whereas":[95],"surface-duct":[96],"trapping":[97,129],"decided":[99],"in":[100,131,245],"upper":[102,204],"60":[103],"m.":[104],"Supplied":[105],"with":[106,201,213],"exact":[107],"coefficients,":[108],"four-mode":[110],"reconstruction":[111],"attains":[112],"an":[113],"RMS":[114],"error":[115],"0.906":[117],"m/s":[118,222],"-":[119,125],"4.4":[120],"times":[121],"smaller":[122],"than":[123],"climatology":[124],"yet":[126],"classifies":[127],"duct":[128,225],"correctly":[130],"only":[132],"75.3%":[133],"profiles,":[136],"below":[137],"climatology's":[138],"76.3%.":[139],"Twelve":[140],"reach":[142],"91.6%.":[143],"additional":[145],"carry":[147],"4.4%":[148],"variance":[151],"are":[153],"recovered":[154],"perfect":[156],"mean":[160],"R\u00b2":[161],"=":[162],"0.10,":[163],"leaving":[164],"13.3":[166],"percentage-point":[167],"observability":[168],"gap.":[169],"pre-registered":[171],"intervention,":[172],"re-weighting":[173],"training":[175],"objective":[176],"toward":[177],"duct,":[179],"reduced":[180],"RMSE":[182,217],"further":[183],"but":[184],"did":[185],"not":[186,254],"improve":[187],"error:":[189],"criterion":[191],"required":[192],"1.5":[193],"dB":[194,200],"outcome":[197],"was":[198],"\u22123.97":[199],"95%":[203],"bound":[205],"+0.86":[207],"dB.":[208],"Replacing":[209],"idealised":[210],"dynamic":[211],"height":[212],"DUACS":[214],"altimetry":[215],"degrades":[216],"2.124":[219],"to":[220],"2.923":[221],"while":[223],"changing":[224],"classification":[226],"0.9":[228],"points.":[229],"We":[230],"conclude":[231],"SSP":[233],"products":[234],"intended":[235],"for":[236],"use":[238],"should":[239],"acoustically,":[242],"basin":[247],"accuracy":[249],"acoustics":[251],"requires":[252],"attainable":[255],"surface.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00"}
