{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213453538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","title":"Pyrazine-Based Chemosensors for Cation Detection","display_name":"Pyrazine-Based Chemosensors for Cation Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213453538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42883337","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13667247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31193573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019915031","display_name":"Tatyana N. Moshkina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-3196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-3196"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatyana N. Moshkina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009964863","display_name":"Emiliya V. Nosova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-1582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-1582"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emiliya V. Nosova","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-1582","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000240536","display_name":"Galina N. Lipunova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4515-8955","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4515-8955"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Galina N. Lipunova","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009964863"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39364303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"19","first_page":"3573","last_page":"3573"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10532","display_name":"Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10532","display_name":"Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11240","display_name":"Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10578","display_name":"Supramolecular Chemistry and Complexes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrazine-derivatives","display_name":"pyrazine derivatives","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-cation-detection","display_name":"metal cation detection","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-sensors","display_name":"chemical sensors","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colorimetric-detection","display_name":"colorimetric sensing","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorescent-sensing","display_name":"fluorescence sensing","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrazinamide","display_name":"pyrazinamide","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quinoxaline","display_name":"quinoxaline","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrido-2-3-b-pyrazine","display_name":"pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-ion-detection","display_name":"metal ion sensing","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-transfer-mechanism","display_name":"electron transfer mechanism","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorescence-quenching","display_name":"fluorescence quenching","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intramolecular-charge-transfer","display_name":"intramolecular charge transfer","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esipt","display_name":"excited-state intramolecular proton transfer","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer","display_name":"fluorescence resonance energy transfer","score":0.7739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777765701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424284","display_name":"Pyrazine","level":2,"score":0.9678999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780362310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419930","display_name":"Quinoxaline","level":2,"score":0.8277000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21951064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899212","display_name":"Combinatorial chemistry","level":1,"score":0.5338000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91881484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807","display_name":"Fluorescence","level":2,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32909587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369","display_name":"Molecule","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53105671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14777816","display_name":"Rational design","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75473681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651","display_name":"Photochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984356252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167676","display_name":"Chemical sensor","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41858301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2327870","display_name":"Nanosensor","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96305047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367473","display_name":"F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68913812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q238156","display_name":"Coordination complex","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160756335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669391","display_name":"Biosensor","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179303850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4300362","display_name":"Molecular recognition","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31193573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202609.1368.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.1368.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.1368.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42883337","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42883337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13667247","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13667247/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d46fa84bd7d74f4db2e9877a0c1f13f9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d46fa84bd7d74f4db2e9877a0c1f13f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Molecules, Vol 31, Iss 19, p 3573 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31193573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972262866","https://openalex.org/W1984844762","https://openalex.org/W1985992030","https://openalex.org/W2000827277","https://openalex.org/W2003082680","https://openalex.org/W2013453397","https://openalex.org/W2048640884","https://openalex.org/W2052682096","https://openalex.org/W2058554477","https://openalex.org/W2072071046","https://openalex.org/W2074528867","https://openalex.org/W2077603525","https://openalex.org/W2077696579","https://openalex.org/W2079530752","https://openalex.org/W2084046016","https://openalex.org/W2086247633","https://openalex.org/W2098775887","https://openalex.org/W2120670986","https://openalex.org/W2146176322","https://openalex.org/W2481180573","https://openalex.org/W2518685332","https://openalex.org/W2522138202","https://openalex.org/W2608492070","https://openalex.org/W2611650456","https://openalex.org/W2809274045","https://openalex.org/W2890166294","https://openalex.org/W2896260026","https://openalex.org/W2913864681","https://openalex.org/W2939714658","https://openalex.org/W2941677290","https://openalex.org/W2958776203","https://openalex.org/W2973222505","https://openalex.org/W2974743931","https://openalex.org/W2974853805","https://openalex.org/W2986251681","https://openalex.org/W2991612567","https://openalex.org/W3006351407","https://openalex.org/W3011970238","https://openalex.org/W3016033545","https://openalex.org/W3017108826","https://openalex.org/W3040961419","https://openalex.org/W3043834314","https://openalex.org/W3084100763","https://openalex.org/W3096639308","https://openalex.org/W3119644064","https://openalex.org/W3120376827","https://openalex.org/W3126305538","https://openalex.org/W3129910725","https://openalex.org/W3173171792","https://openalex.org/W3181446823","https://openalex.org/W3181481423","https://openalex.org/W3182966055","https://openalex.org/W3185485983","https://openalex.org/W3193872671","https://openalex.org/W4206097815","https://openalex.org/W4210631299","https://openalex.org/W4210783596","https://openalex.org/W4220921884","https://openalex.org/W4283384548","https://openalex.org/W4285384053","https://openalex.org/W4296504283","https://openalex.org/W4301737786","https://openalex.org/W4315977345","https://openalex.org/W4327748034","https://openalex.org/W4327965039","https://openalex.org/W4367320447","https://openalex.org/W4386982673","https://openalex.org/W4387399112","https://openalex.org/W4387766074","https://openalex.org/W4389619291","https://openalex.org/W4390146445","https://openalex.org/W4391481966","https://openalex.org/W4391751860","https://openalex.org/W4392344216","https://openalex.org/W4399256170","https://openalex.org/W4399428056","https://openalex.org/W4399785749","https://openalex.org/W4400098985","https://openalex.org/W4400746320","https://openalex.org/W4401835722","https://openalex.org/W4403628435","https://openalex.org/W4403928009","https://openalex.org/W4404134683","https://openalex.org/W4405310432","https://openalex.org/W4406281022","https://openalex.org/W4406309799","https://openalex.org/W4408657137","https://openalex.org/W4409094483","https://openalex.org/W4410457027","https://openalex.org/W4410487944","https://openalex.org/W4411578956","https://openalex.org/W4411627622","https://openalex.org/W4412844974","https://openalex.org/W4413290495","https://openalex.org/W4413767495","https://openalex.org/W4414089045","https://openalex.org/W4415963070","https://openalex.org/W4416226957","https://openalex.org/W4416253893","https://openalex.org/W7115701830","https://openalex.org/W7128691246","https://openalex.org/W7128715172","https://openalex.org/W7138197311","https://openalex.org/W7160642757","https://openalex.org/W7165627765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396747731","https://openalex.org/W4386982673","https://openalex.org/W7216145817","https://openalex.org/W4398763248","https://openalex.org/W3027733911","https://openalex.org/W4393102019","https://openalex.org/W4406849330","https://openalex.org/W4390731864","https://openalex.org/W4389737223","https://openalex.org/W7203715932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pyrazine":[0],"(1,4-diazine)":[1],"and":[2,11,16,31,47,64,78,96,110,125,129,146,154,171],"its":[3],"annulated":[4],"derivatives":[5],"are":[6],"promising":[7],"platforms":[8],"for":[9],"colorimetric":[10],"fluorescent":[12],"chemosensors":[13],"of":[14,67,175],"biologically":[15],"environmentally":[17],"relevant":[18],"metal":[19],"cations,":[20],"including":[21],"Hg2+,":[22],"Cu2+,":[23],"Zn2+,":[24],"Pb2+,":[25],"Fe3+,":[26],"Al3+,":[27],"Co2+,":[28],"Ni2+,":[29],"Ag+":[30],"Cr3+.":[32],"Their":[33],"sensing":[34,115,137],"potential":[35],"arises":[36],"from":[37,120],"the":[38,55,114,143,147,157],"strongly":[39],"electron-deficient":[40],"pyrazine":[41,177],"ring,":[42],"low-lying":[43],"unoccupied":[44],"molecular":[45],"orbitals,":[46],"considerable":[48],"synthetic":[49],"versatility.":[50],"This":[51],"review":[52],"systematically":[53],"summarizes":[54],"structural":[56],"diversity,":[57],"metal-ion":[58],"recognition":[59],"strategies,":[60],"photophysical":[61],"response":[62],"mechanisms,":[63],"practical":[65],"applications":[66],"pyrazine-derived":[68],"small-molecule":[69],"chemosensors,":[70],"with":[71,92],"emphasis":[72],"on":[73],"studies":[74],"published":[75],"between":[76],"2015":[77],"2026.":[79],"Reported":[80],"architectures":[81],"include":[82,162],"pyrazinamide,":[83],"pyrazinehydrazide,":[84],"2-acetylpyrazine,":[85],"aminopyrazine,":[86],"hydrazinopyrazine,":[87],"aryl(hetaryl)pyrazine":[88],"derivatives,":[89],"pyrazines":[90],"fused":[91],"five-membered":[93],"carbo/heterocycles,":[94],"quinoxalines,":[95],"pyrido":[97],"[2,3-b]pyrazines.":[98],"The":[99],"analysis":[100],"shows":[101],"that":[102,136],"N,N,O-tridentate":[103],"chelation,":[104],"CHEF/CHEQ,":[105],"PET,":[106],"ICT,":[107],"ESIPT,":[108],"FRET":[109],"AIE":[111],"mechanisms":[112],"govern":[113],"behavior,":[116],"providing":[117],"detection":[118],"limits":[119],"nanomolar":[121],"to":[122],"micromolar":[123],"levels":[124],"enabling":[126],"naked-eye,":[127],"test-strip,":[128],"live-cell":[130],"imaging":[131],"applications.":[132],"It":[133],"is":[134,139],"concluded":[135],"performance":[138],"primarily":[140],"determined":[141],"by":[142],"chelating":[144],"motif":[145],"substitution":[148],"pattern,":[149],"while":[150],"selectivity":[151],"towards":[152],"Cu2+":[153],"Fe3+":[155],"remains":[156],"main":[158],"limitation.":[159],"Promising":[160],"directions":[161],"AIE-active":[163],"long-wavelength":[164],"emitters,":[165],"portable":[166],"smartphone-assisted":[167],"platforms,":[168],"MOF-based":[169],"architectures,":[170],"DFT-guided":[172],"rational":[173],"design":[174],"next-generation":[176],"chemosensors.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00"}