{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213444744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","title":"Computational investigation of circuit mechanisms underlying short-latency responses to cortical stimulation","display_name":"Computational investigation of circuit mechanisms underlying short-latency responses to cortical stimulation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213444744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42779798","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13596213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/16/2026.09.11.750854.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/16/2026.09.11.750854.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055889615","display_name":"Karthik Kumaravelu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7619-322X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7619-322X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthik Kumaravelu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7619-322X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044622241","display_name":"Gene J. Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8154-4119","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8154-4119","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4867-1340"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gene J. Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8154-4119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091855711","display_name":"Aman S. Aberra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-541X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-541X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aman S. Aberra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-541X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088286059","display_name":"Marc A. Sommer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-763X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-763X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc A. Sommer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-763X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060326045","display_name":"Angel V. Peterchev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4385-065X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4385-065X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angel V. Peterchev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710","Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4385-065X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017539910","display_name":"Warren M. Grill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6588","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6588"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Warren M. Grill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710","Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017539910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10077","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation","display_name":"transcranial magnetic stimulation","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracortical-microstimulation","display_name":"intracortical microstimulation","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/d-wave","display_name":"D-Wave","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/i-waves","display_name":"I-waves","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-motor-cortex","display_name":"primary motor cortex","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corticospinal-tract","display_name":"corticospinal tract","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortical-microcircuits","display_name":"cortical microcircuits","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortical-columns","display_name":"cortical columns","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-compartment-model","display_name":"multi-compartment model","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer-5-pyramidal-neurons","display_name":"layer 5 pyramidal neurons","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-auditory-cortex","display_name":"primary auditory cortex","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-somatosensory-cortex","display_name":"primary somatosensory cortex","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-lesion","display_name":"virtual lesion","score":0.5979999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.824400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778970358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6840343","display_name":"Microstimulation","level":3,"score":0.7263000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780307956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18707","display_name":"Primary motor cortex","level":4,"score":0.6765999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778373776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18696","display_name":"Motor cortex","level":3,"score":0.5996000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778581513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263962","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","level":3,"score":0.5986999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172497186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328835","display_name":"Somatosensory system","level":2,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777348757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346577","display_name":"Cortex (anatomy)","level":2,"score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75839","display_name":"Cerebral cortex","level":2,"score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777222312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726562","display_name":"Neocortex","level":2,"score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983650178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75839","display_name":"Cortical neurons","level":2,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780196419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762173","display_name":"Nerve net","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779779279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19915308","display_name":"Corticospinal tract","level":4,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778583998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968731","display_name":"Pyramidal tracts","level":2,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778437258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2116409","display_name":"Pyramidal cell","level":3,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90987802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138877","display_name":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation","level":4,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118403218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Biological neural network","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18676","display_name":"Auditory cortex","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781347215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4863332","display_name":"Barrel cortex","level":3,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185263204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774","display_name":"Electrophysiology","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117838684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533483","display_name":"Local field potential","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019868978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194277","display_name":"Neuronal firing","level":3,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203635412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007432","display_name":"Compartment (ship)","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987634937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712836","display_name":"Sensorimotor cortex","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/16/2026.09.11.750854.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42779798","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42779798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13596213","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42779798/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.11.750854","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/16/2026.09.11.750854.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4283197291","display_name":"Biology and Biophysics of the Cortical Response to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","funder_award_id":"R01NS117405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5168177349","display_name":"Program to Support Student Development and Diversity in Duke Biosciences","funder_award_id":"R25GM103765","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7079344669","display_name":"Rational Design of TMS for Neuromodulation","funder_award_id":"R01NS088674","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213444744.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213444744.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3216374649","https://openalex.org/W2588311844","https://openalex.org/W1994989100","https://openalex.org/W2096892196","https://openalex.org/W2089414962","https://openalex.org/W4237702715","https://openalex.org/W2315880662","https://openalex.org/W4320908381","https://openalex.org/W2419754926","https://openalex.org/W2775127716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Transcranial":[1],"magnetic":[2,268],"stimulation":[3,65,258,263,269,324,346,376],"(TMS)":[4],"over":[5],"the":[6,25,58,87,125,160,170,202,225,243,251,275,291,302,309,319,341,354,366,371],"primary":[7,101,109,276],"motor":[8,277],"cortex":[9,103,111,278,310],"(M1)":[10],"elicits":[11],"a":[12,362],"series":[13],"of":[14,28,37,60,66,75,118,132,140,143,172,178,206,214,233,253,294,301,325,365,375],"high":[15],"frequency":[16],"volleys":[17],"termed":[18,284],"D-":[19,41,61,166,285,358],"and":[20,42,54,62,107,149,162,167,181,211,227,248,270,286,296,304,350,359,373],"I-waves":[21,63,173],"measured":[22,288],"epidurally":[23,289],"in":[24,35,49,57,86,124,290,308],"corticospinal":[26,292],"tract":[27,293],"awake":[29],"humans.":[30],"Further,":[31],"intracortical":[32,271],"microstimulation":[33,272],"(ICMS)":[34],"M1":[36,67,90,96,161],"non-human":[38,297],"primates":[39],"evokes":[40],"I-wave":[43],"responses":[44,283,321,343],"similar":[45],"to":[46,196,246,250,274,315,344,352],"those":[47],"observed":[48,204],"TMS.":[50],"The":[51,115,129,185,199],"cortical":[52,76,127,237,244,327,337,345,367],"circuits":[53],"mechanisms":[55,241,356,369],"involved":[56],"generation":[59],"by":[64,323],"remain":[68,329],"unclear.":[69],"Here,":[70],"we":[71,339],"implemented":[72],"computational":[73,254,333],"models":[74,84,164,200,219,234,334],"columns":[77],"with":[78,169,175,193],"laminarly-organized":[79],"biophysically-based":[80],"neurons,":[81],"following":[82],"existing":[83],"published":[85],"literature:":[88],"(1)":[89],"-":[91,97,105,113],"single":[92],"compartment":[93],"(SC),":[94],"(2)":[95],"multi-compartment":[98],"(MC),":[99],"(3)":[100],"auditory":[102],"(A1)":[104],"MC,":[106],"(4)":[108],"somatosensory":[110],"(S1)":[112],"MC.":[114],"network":[116],"connectivity":[117],"each":[119],"model":[120,187],"represented":[121],"wiring":[122],"found":[123],"respective":[126],"regions.":[128],"direct":[130],"effects":[131,205],"stimulation-induced":[133,316],"electric":[134],"fields":[135],"were":[136,152],"modeled":[137],"as":[138,266],"activation":[139],"different":[141,336],"proportions":[142],"pyramidal":[144],"neurons":[145],"(PNs)":[146],"across":[147,218,235],"layers,":[148],"dose\u2013response":[150],"curves":[151],"constructed":[153],"for":[154,224,256],"layer":[155,179,182],"5":[156,183],"(L5)":[157],"PNs.":[158,184],"Both":[159],"A1":[163],"reproduced":[165],"I-waves,":[168,210,287],"magnitude":[171],"increasing":[174],"higher":[176],"recruitment":[177],"2/3":[180],"S1-MC":[186],"evoked":[188,322],"rhythmic":[189],"firing":[190],"activity":[191],"but":[192],"timings":[194],"mismatched":[195],"experimental":[197],"I-waves.":[198,229,360],"replicated":[201],"experimentally":[203],"pharmacological":[207],"agents":[208],"on":[209],"virtual":[212],"lesions":[213],"specific":[215],"neural":[216,306],"populations":[217],"revealed":[220],"plausible":[221],"microcircuit":[222],"explanations":[223],"first":[226],"later":[228],"This":[230],"comprehensive":[231],"comparison":[232],"multiple":[236],"regions":[238,328],"identified":[239],"consistent":[240],"underlying":[242,357],"response":[245,307],"TMS":[247,349],"contributes":[249],"refinement":[252],"strategies":[255],"optimizing":[257],"paradigms.":[259,377],"Significance":[260],"Statement":[261],"Cortical":[262],"modalities":[264,347],"such":[265],"transcranial":[267],"applied":[273],"generate":[279],"highly":[280],"stereotyped,":[281],"short-latency":[282,320],"humans":[295],"primates.":[298],"Direct":[299],"recording":[300],"TMS-":[303],"ICMS-evoked":[305],"is":[311],"extremely":[312],"challenging":[313],"due":[314],"artifacts.":[317],"Furthermore,":[318],"non-motor":[326],"unknown.":[330],"Using":[331],"sophisticated":[332],"representing":[335],"areas,":[338],"simulated":[340],"immediate":[342],"including":[348],"ICMS":[351],"characterize":[353],"circuit":[355,368],"Gaining":[361],"better":[363],"understanding":[364],"enables":[370],"interpretation":[372],"optimization":[374]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00"}
