{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213435862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","title":"A Unified Spectral-Spatial Framework for GNNs: Balancing Over-Smoothing and Over-Squashing","display_name":"A Unified Spectral-Spatial Framework for GNNs: Balancing Over-Smoothing and Over-Squashing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213435862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2026/0330.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419999","display_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2026/0330.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144197696","display_name":"Xinya Qin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinya Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151920134","display_name":"Lu Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1033-8908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1033-8908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129744877","display_name":"Lixin Cui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137867983","display_name":"Central University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/008e3hf02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137867983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137867983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351382","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1218-2804","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1218-2804","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4139-6596"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076573337","display_name":"Hangyuan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-5832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-5832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hangyuan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151922550","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75507192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2969","last_page":"2978"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11476","display_name":"Graph theory and applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-neural-networks","display_name":"graph neural networks","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/over-smoothing","display_name":"over-smoothing","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/over-squashing","display_name":"over-squashing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-convolution","display_name":"graph convolution","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial-order-selection","display_name":"polynomial order selection","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-dissemination","display_name":"information dissemination","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-receptive-fields","display_name":"spatial receptive fields","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-classification","display_name":"graph classification","score":0.7689999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5303999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74003402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3180727","display_name":"Spectral graph theory","level":5,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166437778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50695","display_name":"Quadratic function","level":3,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115178988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772067","display_name":"Laplacian matrix","level":3,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23463724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308831","display_name":"Spectral method","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2026/0330.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419999","display_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/330","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2026/0330.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419999","display_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3803003688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62536006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4614402276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62576371","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7950022444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62576198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213435862.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213435862.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4307205430","https://openalex.org/W4416044382","https://openalex.org/W4364353329","https://openalex.org/W7161155054","https://openalex.org/W7106231050","https://openalex.org/W7165898131","https://openalex.org/W4285729375","https://openalex.org/W7138407777","https://openalex.org/W3123408649","https://openalex.org/W7144103599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over-smoothing":[0],"(OSM)":[1],"and":[2,49,83,104,124,140],"over-squashing":[3],"(OSQ)":[4],"are":[5],"two":[6],"fundamental":[7],"phenomena":[8,25],"that":[9],"limit":[10],"the":[11,52,55,74,88,96,106,121,138,143],"performance":[12],"of":[13,23,54,108,142],"Graph":[14,129],"Neural":[15],"Networks":[16],"(GNNs),":[17],"yet":[18],"a":[19,42,116,126],"unified":[20,43],"spectral-spatial":[21,44],"understanding":[22],"these":[24],"remains":[26],"underexplored.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29,65,112],"paper,":[30],"we":[31,67,114],"adopt":[32],"polynomial":[33,56,75,122],"spectral":[34,81],"filters":[35,79],"as":[36],"an":[37,69],"analytical":[38],"tool":[39],"to":[40],"establish":[41],"framework":[45],"for":[46,119,133],"graph":[47,134],"convolution":[48],"systematically":[50],"characterize":[51],"effect":[53],"order":[57,123],"k":[58],"on":[59,111],"information":[60,102],"propagation":[61],"in":[62],"GNNs.":[63],"Within":[64],"framework,":[66],"reveal":[68],"intrinsic":[70],"trade-off":[71],"induced":[72],"by":[73,87],"order.":[76],"Specifically,":[77],"higher-order":[78],"enhance":[80],"expressiveness":[82],"alleviate":[84],"OSM":[85],"caused":[86],"dominant":[89],"low-frequency":[90],"components.":[91],"However,":[92],"they":[93],"also":[94],"expand":[95],"spatial":[97],"receptive":[98],"field,":[99],"thereby":[100],"intensifying":[101],"compression":[103],"increasing":[105],"risk":[107],"OSQ.":[109],"Based":[110],"analysis,":[113],"provide":[115],"principled":[117],"guideline":[118],"selecting":[120],"propose":[125],"Quadratic":[127],"Spectral":[128],"Convolution":[130],"Network":[131],"(QS-GCN)":[132],"classification.":[135],"Experiments":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"effectiveness":[139],"robustness":[141],"proposed":[144],"method.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00"}