{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213422704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.17459","title":"Angle-of-Arrival Determination of Radio-Frequency Fields Using Stark-Shifted Rydberg-EIT Spectra","display_name":"Angle-of-Arrival Determination of Radio-Frequency Fields Using Stark-Shifted Rydberg-EIT Spectra","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213422704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.17459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.17459","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.17459","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.17459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.17459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065806964","display_name":"Rajavardhan Talashila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0810-7526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0810-7526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talashila, Rajavardhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , USA","National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021720036","display_name":"Zoya B. Popovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-2254","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-2254"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Popovic, Zoya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056457063","display_name":"Nikunjkumar Prajapati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-9741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-9741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prajapati, Nikunjkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067548914","display_name":"Noah Schlossberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9573-8152","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9573-8152"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Schlossberger, Noah","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029002398","display_name":"Christopher L. Holloway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4592-9935","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4592-9935"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holloway, Christopher L.","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.2531999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"angle of arrival","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetically-induced-transparency","display_name":"electromagnetically induced transparency","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stark-shift","display_name":"Stark shift","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rydberg-atoms","display_name":"Rydberg atoms","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cesium-vapor","display_name":"cesium vapor","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization-geometry","display_name":"polarization geometry","score":0.5360000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503","display_name":"Excitation","level":2,"score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.621399998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131935069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3537757","display_name":"Electromagnetically induced transparency","level":2,"score":0.6104000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.5386000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.482699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70747811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661248","display_name":"Rydberg formula","level":4,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107190969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553479","display_name":"Linear polarization","level":3,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31872934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417028","display_name":"Optical path","level":2,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129045301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144654","display_name":"Path length","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152822103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575207","display_name":"Spectral shape analysis","level":3,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35068176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q662790","display_name":"Brewster's angle","level":3,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987423054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185553","display_name":"Relative phase","level":3,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153201621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5121676","display_name":"Circular polarization","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.17459","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.17459","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.17459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.17459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.17459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.17459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.17459","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.17459","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.17459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213422704.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213422704.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414206476","https://openalex.org/W3123080544","https://openalex.org/W3191302335","https://openalex.org/W4412561791","https://openalex.org/W7207622777","https://openalex.org/W7163927786","https://openalex.org/W4410296403","https://openalex.org/W4393028399","https://openalex.org/W7126081087","https://openalex.org/W7077893957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,88],"demonstrate":[1,90],"a":[2,15,107,148,162],"method":[3,92],"for":[4],"determining":[5],"the":[6,9,22,43,54,58,64,75,91,113,120,133,143,156],"magnitude":[7,77],"of":[8,11,14,26,42,57,74,96,116,142],"angle":[10],"arrival":[12],"(AoA)":[13],"linearly":[16],"polarized":[17],"radio-frequency":[18],"(RF)":[19],"field":[20,37],"using":[21,106,169],"angle-dependent":[23],"spectral":[24],"amplitudes":[25],"AC":[27],"Stark-shifted":[28],"electromagnetically":[29],"induced":[30],"transparency":[31],"(EIT)":[32],"resonances.":[33],"An":[34],"off-resonant":[35],"RF":[36,59,80,94,135],"produces":[38],"distinct":[39],"Stark":[40],"shifts":[41],"$|m_J|$":[44],"sublevels,":[45],"while":[46],"their":[47],"relative":[48,55],"excitation":[49,152],"strengths":[50],"depend":[51],"strongly":[52],"on":[53],"orientation":[56],"and":[60,103],"optical":[61,151],"polarizations.":[62],"Under":[63],"controlled":[65],"polarization":[66],"geometry":[67],"considered":[68],"here,":[69],"this":[70],"dependence":[71],"enables":[72],"determination":[73],"AoA":[76,124,167],"without":[78],"requiring":[79],"phase":[81],"measurements":[82],"or":[83],"spatially":[84,170],"separated":[85],"sensing":[86,168],"locations.":[87],"experimentally":[89],"at":[93],"frequencies":[95],"1.27":[97],"GHz,":[98,100,102],"2":[99],"3":[101],"4":[104],"GHz":[105],"subwavelength":[108],"cesium":[109],"vapor":[110],"cell.":[111],"Within":[112],"$20^\\circ-40^\\circ$":[114],"region":[115],"highest":[117],"angular":[118],"sensitivity,":[119],"estimated":[121],"repeatability-based":[122],"$1\u03c3$":[123],"uncertainty":[125],"ranges":[126],"from":[127],"approximately":[128],"$0.6^\\circ$":[129],"to":[130],"$2^\\circ$":[131],"across":[132],"investigated":[134],"frequencies.":[136],"A":[137],"model":[138,153],"combining":[139],"Floquet-Shirley":[140],"calculations":[141],"RF-dressed":[144],"Rydberg":[145],"states":[146],"with":[147],"coherent":[149],"hyperfine-to-fine-structure":[150],"qualitatively":[154],"reproduces":[155],"experimental":[157],"observations.":[158],"These":[159],"results":[160],"establish":[161],"path":[163],"toward":[164],"compact,":[165],"phase-independent":[166],"localized":[171],"Rydberg-atom":[172],"spectroscopy.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00"}