{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213359641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","title":"Russian Invasion of Ukraine: The Role of Private Sanctions","display_name":"Russian Invasion of Ukraine: The Role of Private Sanctions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213359641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","pdf_url":"https://www.ecgi.global/sites/default/files/working_papers/documents/russianinvasionofukraineecgi.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ecgi.global/sites/default/files/working_papers/documents/russianinvasionofukraineecgi.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090872035","display_name":"Anete Pajuste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-9992","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-9992"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148805310","display_name":"Stockholm School of Economics in Riga","ror":"https://ror.org/00qaje814","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148805310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180242103","display_name":"Stockholm School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5jzh92","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180242103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136188","display_name":"European Corporate Governance Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04egehb02","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136188"]}],"countries":["BE","LV","SE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anete Pajuste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University","Boston University, 595 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States","European Gorporate Governance Institute (ECGI)","European Gorporate Governance Institute (ECGI), c/o the Royal Academies of Belgium, Rue Ducale 1 Hertogsstraat, 1000 Brussels, Belgium","Stockholm School of Economics, Riga","Stockholm School of Economics, Riga, Strelnieku iela 4a, Riga, LV 1010, Latvia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-9992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, 595 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Gorporate Governance Institute (ECGI)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136188"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Gorporate Governance Institute (ECGI), c/o the Royal Academies of Belgium, Rue Ducale 1 Hertogsstraat, 1000 Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136188"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stockholm School of Economics, Riga","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148805310","https://openalex.org/I180242103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stockholm School of Economics, Riga, Strelnieku iela 4a, Riga, LV 1010, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148805310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045996580","display_name":"Anna Toniolo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Toniolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University - Harvard Law School","Harvard University - Harvard Law School, 1563 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Harvard Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Harvard Law School, 1563 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090872035"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046","https://openalex.org/I148805310","https://openalex.org/I180242103","https://openalex.org/I4210136188"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13369","display_name":"European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-sanctions","display_name":"economic sanctions","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/russia-ukraine-war","display_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boycott-campaigns","display_name":"boycott campaigns","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-pressure","display_name":"market pressure","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanctions-effectiveness","display_name":"sanctions effectiveness","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-decision-making","display_name":"corporate decision-making","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.9204999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779084495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1248258","display_name":"Economic sanctions","level":3,"score":0.7908999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6122999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.5026000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.43070000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777538416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555911","display_name":"Private property","level":2,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780105190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179366","display_name":"Boycott","level":3,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776869918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275038","display_name":"Confiscation","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178283979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274490","display_name":"Public finance","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.26759999990463257}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","pdf_url":"https://www.ecgi.global/sites/default/files/working_papers/documents/russianinvasionofukraineecgi.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4582728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4582728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4582728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kb.osu.edu:1811/104036","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/104036","pdf_url":"https://kb.osu.edu/bitstreams/53b6266b-9ed3-40ca-9e23-0d49d4b8894f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402304","display_name":"The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","host_organization_name":"The Ohio State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67929/ecgi-fin-949-2024","pdf_url":"https://www.ecgi.global/sites/default/files/working_papers/documents/russianinvasionofukraineecgi.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213359641.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213359641.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205565891","https://openalex.org/W4403469336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7140200675","https://openalex.org/W4414475503","https://openalex.org/W7203667300","https://openalex.org/W4410504264","https://openalex.org/W4384914850","https://openalex.org/W4388308807","https://openalex.org/W7220241275","https://openalex.org/W4386611117","https://openalex.org/W7112633551","https://openalex.org/W7000038455"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Following":[0],"Russia\u2019s":[1,22],"invasion":[2,117],"of":[3,14,20,41,57,110,118,209,236,262],"Ukraine":[4,45,119],"in":[5,29,44,53,113,129,211,239],"February":[6],"2022,":[7],"Western":[8],"Nations":[9],"have":[10,224],"imposed":[11],"an":[12],"array":[13],"severe":[15],"sanctions":[16,33,61,73,85,148,223,238,246],"with":[17,36,83,120,169],"the":[18,26,39,42,49,89,103,116,121,130,207,213,225,234,243,260],"goal":[19],"thwarting":[21],"ability":[23],"to":[24,125,127,139,154,215,227,232,258],"finance":[25],"war.":[27],"While":[28],"modern":[30,240],"history":[31],"economic":[32,172,237,264],"are":[34],"used":[35],"great":[37],"frequency,":[38],"novelty":[40],"war":[43],"is":[46,192],"represented":[47],"by":[48,63,195,230],"first":[50],"massive":[51],"use":[52],"a":[54,75,143,252],"warfare":[55],"context":[56],"private":[58,64,72,147,167,198,222,245],"sanctions,":[59,168,173],"meaning":[60],"decided":[62,124],"companies":[65,104,136,202],"(also":[66],"called":[67],"\u201cself-sanctioning\u201d).":[68],"This":[69,159,205],"paper":[70],"examines":[71],"as":[74,182,251],"new":[76],"geopolitical":[77,253],"tool,":[78],"studying":[79],"how":[80],"they":[81],"interact":[82],"economics":[84],"and":[86,94,176,185,187],"analyzing":[87],"both":[88],"factors":[90],"that":[91,105,123,135,137,156,203,221,255],"can":[92],"encourage":[93],"inhibit":[95],"their":[96,111],"use.":[97],"To":[98,242],"this":[99],"purpose,":[100],"we":[101],"compare":[102],"exited":[106],"or":[107],"suspended":[108],"most":[109],"operations":[112],"Russia":[114,141],"after":[115],"ones":[122],"continue":[126],"operate":[128],"country.":[131],"Our":[132],"analysis":[133],"shows":[134],"chose":[138],"leave":[140],"had":[142],"significantly":[144,196],"higher":[145],"net":[146],"variable":[149,161],"(0.31":[150],"vs.":[151],"-0.81)":[152],"compared":[153],"those":[155],"continued":[157],"operations.":[158],"positive":[160],"indicates":[162],"stronger":[163],"incentives":[164],"for":[165,201],"imposing":[166],"drivers":[170],"like":[171],"market":[174],"pressure":[175],"boycott":[177],"campaigns":[178],"outweighing":[179],"brakes":[180,200],"such":[181],"revenue":[183],"exposure":[184],"operational":[186],"regulatory":[188],"obstacles.":[189],"The":[190],"difference":[191],"primarily":[193],"driven":[194],"fewer":[197],"sanction":[199],"left.":[204],"highlights":[206],"importance":[208],"obstacles":[210],"influencing":[212],"decision":[214],"exit.":[216],"Overall,":[217],"our":[218],"results":[219],"indicate":[220],"potential":[226],"be":[228,248],"exploited":[229],"governments":[231],"reinforce":[233],"effectiveness":[235],"warfare.":[241],"contrary,":[244],"cannot":[247],"relied":[249],"on":[250],"tool":[254],"allows":[256],"policymakers":[257],"replace":[259],"deployment":[261],"costly":[263],"sanctions.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00"}
