{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213316620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","title":"Geography in Frontier-Based Efficiency Measurement of Hospitals and Subnational Health Systems: A Methodological Critique and the GEO-EFF Reporting Framework","display_name":"Geography in Frontier-Based Efficiency Measurement of Hospitals and Subnational Health Systems: A Methodological Critique and the GEO-EFF Reporting Framework","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213316620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051943","display_name":"Science Set Journal of Economics Research","issn_l":"3064-9846","issn":["3064-9846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Set Journal of Economics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132076236","display_name":"DARIIMAA GANBAT","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-8392","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-8392"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093101","display_name":"Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00gcpds33","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093101"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dariimaa Ganbat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Medical Science, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, S. Zorig Street, P.O. Box 48/111, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Medical Science, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, S. Zorig Street, P.O. Box 48/111, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093101"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132076236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093101"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12871","display_name":"Healthcare Quality and Management","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-efficiency","display_name":"hospital efficiency","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-envelopment-analysis","display_name":"data envelopment analysis","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-frontier-analysis","display_name":"stochastic frontier analysis","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-econometric-models","display_name":"spatial econometric models","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-frontier-analysis","display_name":"meta-frontier analysis","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-dependence","display_name":"spatial dependence","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reporting-guidelines","display_name":"reporting guidelines","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.4821000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87427459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12831143","display_name":"Human geography","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18665432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282864","display_name":"Distance decay","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201780435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286542","display_name":"Health geography","level":5,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051943","display_name":"Science Set Journal of Economics Research","issn_l":"3064-9846","issn":["3064-9846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Set Journal of Economics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.63620/mkssjer.2026.1127","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051943","display_name":"Science Set Journal of Economics Research","issn_l":"3064-9846","issn":["3064-9846"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science Set Journal of Economics Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213316620.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213316620.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1016406112","https://openalex.org/W1564833621","https://openalex.org/W1751793533","https://openalex.org/W1975844609","https://openalex.org/W1985759808","https://openalex.org/W1986928810","https://openalex.org/W2033834012","https://openalex.org/W2076452041","https://openalex.org/W2084660657","https://openalex.org/W2105514476","https://openalex.org/W2129763896","https://openalex.org/W2132870677","https://openalex.org/W2147940867","https://openalex.org/W2506753585","https://openalex.org/W2750972273","https://openalex.org/W2890360109","https://openalex.org/W3022328933","https://openalex.org/W3087487604","https://openalex.org/W3108926626","https://openalex.org/W4205115797","https://openalex.org/W4293315883","https://openalex.org/W4300772295","https://openalex.org/W4313237050","https://openalex.org/W4317802805","https://openalex.org/W4376139713","https://openalex.org/W4399819717","https://openalex.org/W4401415623","https://openalex.org/W4413846411","https://openalex.org/W4414744941","https://openalex.org/W7116685410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2973998385","https://openalex.org/W3138263182","https://openalex.org/W2094563391","https://openalex.org/W2029948151","https://openalex.org/W7098236705","https://openalex.org/W2304785610","https://openalex.org/W6906411405","https://openalex.org/W2010972648","https://openalex.org/W2050526631","https://openalex.org/W1016406112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frontier-based":[0],"efficiency":[1,40,57,209],"measures":[2],"increasingly":[3],"influence":[4],"health-economic":[5],"benchmarking,":[6],"resource":[7],"allocation,":[8],"and":[9,14,42,53,63,82,86,91,94,102,138,158,171,192,195,224],"service-configuration":[10],"decisions,":[11],"yet":[12],"hospitals":[13],"subnational":[15],"health":[16],"systems":[17],"operate":[18],"under":[19],"markedly":[20],"different":[21],"geographic":[22,196],"production":[23],"conditions.":[24,198],"This":[25],"methodological":[26],"paper":[27],"argues":[28],"that":[29,43],"acknowledging":[30],"geography":[31],"is":[32,212],"not":[33,173],"equivalent":[34],"to":[35],"incorporating":[36],"it":[37],"into":[38,182],"an":[39],"model":[41],"this":[44],"distinction":[45],"can":[46],"alter":[47],"the":[48,61,166,183],"estimand,":[49],"comparator":[50],"set,":[51],"ranking,":[52],"policy":[54],"meaning":[55],"of":[56,74],"scores.":[58],"To":[59],"ground":[60],"critique":[62],"develop":[64],"reporting":[65,205,214],"guidance,":[66],"we":[67],"purposively":[68],"assembled":[69],"a":[70,148,202,213,218],"source-verified":[71],"maximum-variation":[72],"set":[73,168],"20":[75],"peer-reviewed":[76],"empirical":[77],"frontier":[78,117],"studies":[79,98],"spanning":[80],"DEA-":[81],"SFA-family":[83,105],"methods,":[84,106],"spatial":[85,189],"meta-frontier":[87],"designs,":[88],"quality-sensitive":[89],"models,":[90,120],"rural,":[92],"regional,":[93],"national":[95],"settings.":[96],"Fifteen":[97],"used":[99,104,147],"DEA-family":[100],"methods":[101],"six":[103,121],"with":[107],"one":[108,133],"applying":[109],"both.":[110],"Eight":[111],"treated":[112],"geographies":[113],"through":[114,122,129,134],"spatially":[115],"explicit":[116],"or":[118,125,131,143,155,221],"spatial-econometric":[119],"second-stage":[123,149],"contextual":[124],"environmental":[126],"adjustment,":[127],"three":[128],"group":[130],"meta-frontiers,":[132],"multiple":[135],"formal":[136],"approaches,":[137],"two":[139],"primarily":[140],"as":[141],"descriptive":[142],"implicit":[144],"context.":[145],"Eleven":[146],"analysis,":[150],"five":[151],"directly":[152],"modeled":[153],"quality":[154],"undesirable":[156],"outputs,":[157],"seven":[159],"reported":[160],"robustness":[161],"procedures.":[162],"These":[163],"counts":[164],"characterize":[165],"exemplar":[167],"by":[169],"design":[170],"are":[172],"prevalence":[174],"estimates.":[175],"We":[176,199],"distinguish":[177],"four":[178],"mechanisms":[179],"often":[180],"compressed":[181],"term":[184],"geography:":[185],"regional":[186],"technology":[187],"heterogeneity,":[188],"dependence,":[190],"network":[191],"access":[193],"connectivity,":[194],"cost":[197],"propose":[200],"GEO-EFF,":[201],"six-domain,":[203],"non-ordinal":[204],"framework":[206],"for":[207],"geography-responsive":[208],"studies.":[210],"GEO-EFF":[211],"prompt":[215],"rather":[216],"than":[217],"validated":[219],"appraisal":[220],"scoring":[222],"instrument":[223],"requires":[225],"external":[226],"validation":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00"}