{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213316122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","title":"The information in diagnostic tests","display_name":"The information in diagnostic tests","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213316122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085926841","display_name":"Shuhan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-5077","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-5077"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of AI, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","Laboratory of Computer Science, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","Master of Science in Data Analytics, Health Sciences, Mass General Brigham University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-5077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of AI, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Computer Science, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Master of Science in Data Analytics, Health Sciences, Mass General Brigham University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068419643","display_name":"Brian W. Locke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3588-5238","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3588-5238"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803061204","display_name":"Intermountain Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/009c06z12","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108785884","https://openalex.org/I2803061204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian W. Locke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3588-5238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803061204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035105614","display_name":"Joshua W. Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9704-6635","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9704-6635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua W. Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of AI, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9704-6635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of AI, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050508920","display_name":"David Liebovitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2518-5940","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2518-5940"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Liebovitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2518-5940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004414583","display_name":"Cory J. Rohlfsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-5174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-5174","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4229-6802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59130452","display_name":"University of Nebraska Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00thqtb16","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59130452"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cory Rohlfsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-5174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59130452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076173338","display_name":"Allison C. Goff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-618X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-618X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allison Goff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Master of Science in Data Analytics, Health Sciences, Mass General Brigham University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-618X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Master of Science in Data Analytics, Health Sciences, Mass General Brigham University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043738715","display_name":"Pedram Safari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-1415","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-1415"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedram Safari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Master of Science in Data Analytics, Health Sciences, Mass General Brigham University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-1415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Master of Science in Data Analytics, Health Sciences, Mass General Brigham University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053230851","display_name":"Christopher Kabrhel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8699-7176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8699-7176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Kabrhel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8699-7176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001114788","display_name":"Amal Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0281-8625","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0281-8625"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amal Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of AI, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0281-8625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of AI, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054931845","display_name":"Ali S. Raja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8909-3586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8909-3586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali S. Raja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8909-3586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045439266","display_name":"Joshua Norkin Goldstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6406-1828","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6406-1828"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48633490","display_name":"Mass General Brigham","ror":"https://ror.org/04py2rh25","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua N. Goldstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6406-1828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-information","display_name":"diagnostic information","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"diagnostic accuracy","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"mutual information","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-and-specificity","display_name":"sensitivity and specificity","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivariate-random-effects-model","display_name":"bivariate random-effects model","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-impulse-test","display_name":"head impulse test","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nystagmus","display_name":"nystagmus","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carcinoembryonic-antigen","display_name":"carcinoembryonic antigen","score":0.9380000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82157600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic test","level":2,"score":0.6607999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174446222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239190","display_name":"Pre- and post-test probability","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1654693380","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2003740803","https://openalex.org/W2019273574","https://openalex.org/W2045030989","https://openalex.org/W2051317694","https://openalex.org/W2087137161","https://openalex.org/W2115366913","https://openalex.org/W2126727011","https://openalex.org/W2163236485","https://openalex.org/W3000411868","https://openalex.org/W3084906023","https://openalex.org/W4388223502","https://openalex.org/W4390828887","https://openalex.org/W4393663057","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4416554043","https://openalex.org/W7133225822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134458793","https://openalex.org/W3084906023","https://openalex.org/W1654712492","https://openalex.org/W1971278343","https://openalex.org/W1654693380","https://openalex.org/W2402119651","https://openalex.org/W2064493677","https://openalex.org/W2483216561","https://openalex.org/W3125398750","https://openalex.org/W7043986910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Diagnostic":[2,216],"accuracy":[3,42,224],"measures":[4],"describe":[5],"test":[6,178],"performance,":[7],"but":[8],"expected":[9,25,207,219],"learning":[10,208,220],"also":[11],"depends":[12],"on":[13],"the":[14,76,90,136,154,173,202,235],"probability":[15,237],"of":[16,78,128,140,149,166,172,179,230,245],"disease":[17,84],"before":[18],"testing.":[19],"We":[20,37,68],"explain":[21],"diagnostic":[22,41,66,246],"information":[23,71,200,217],"as":[24,75],"uncertainty":[26,80,118,210,232],"reduction":[27],"and":[28,49,62,74,100,123,131,177,189,228,238,243],"construct":[29],"an":[30,164],"empirical":[31],"reference":[32,91,105],"for":[33,64,153],"its":[34],"interpretation.":[35],"Methods":[36],"reanalysed":[38],"structured":[39],"study-level":[40],"data":[43],"from":[44,110,209],"Cochrane":[45],"reviews,":[46,112],"public":[47],"repositories":[48],"PubMed":[50],"Central":[51],"review":[52],"tables.":[53],"A":[54],"common":[55],"continuity-corrected":[56],"bivariate":[57],"random-effects":[58],"model":[59],"pooled":[60,108],"sensitivity":[61],"specificity":[63],"defined":[65],"profiles.":[67],"calculated":[69],"mutual":[70],"in":[72],"bits":[73,227],"percentage":[77,155,229],"starting":[79,126,194,231,236],"resolved":[81,119,187],"at":[82,125,191],"stated":[83],"probabilities.":[85],"Profiles":[86],"contributed":[87],"equally":[88],"to":[89,151,168],"distribution.":[92],"Sensitivity":[93],"analyses":[94],"examined":[95],"alternative":[96],"estimators,":[97],"equal-review":[98],"weighting":[99,158],"whole-review":[101,161],"resampling.":[102],"Results":[103],"The":[104],"included":[106],"273":[107],"profiles":[109],"210":[111],"comprising":[113],"4104":[114],"study-result":[115],"appearances.":[116],"Median":[117],"was":[120],"23.3%,":[121],"29.2%":[122],"31.4%":[124],"probabilities":[127],"5%,":[129],"20%":[130],"50%,":[132],"respectively.":[133],"At":[134],"20%,":[135],"median":[137],"represented":[138],"0.211":[139],"0.722":[141],"bits,":[142],"with":[143,182,234],"a":[144,192],"profile-bootstrap":[145],"95%":[146],"confidence":[147],"interval":[148,165],"27.6%":[150],"32.7%":[152],"resolved.":[156],"Equal-review":[157],"gave":[159,163],"30.0%;":[160],"resampling":[162],"27.5%":[167],"33.5%.":[169],"Two":[170],"components":[171],"head":[174],"impulse,":[175],"nystagmus":[176],"skew":[180],"examination":[181],"nearly":[183],"equal":[184],"Youden":[185],"indices":[186],"18.7%":[188],"28.1%":[190],"5%":[193],"probability.":[195],"Carcinoembryonic-antigen":[196],"thresholds":[197],"illustrated":[198],"probability-dependent":[199],"ordering;":[201],"Ottawa":[203],"ankle":[204],"rule":[205],"distinguished":[206],"change":[211],"after":[212],"one":[213],"result.":[214],"Conclusions":[215],"makes":[218],"explicit":[221],"alongside":[222],"conventional":[223],"measures.":[225],"Reporting":[226],"resolved,":[233],"clinical":[239],"context,":[240],"supports":[241],"interpretation":[242],"comparison":[244],"evidence.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00"}
