{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213313593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","title":"Assessing the Effectiveness of Diagnostic Testing and Formative Feedback to Address Learning Deficiencies in Inorganic Chemistry","display_name":"Assessing the Effectiveness of Diagnostic Testing and Formative Feedback to Address Learning Deficiencies in Inorganic Chemistry","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213313593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","pdf_url":"https://ajesdthu.vn/index.php/ajes/article/download/17/20","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211333","display_name":"Dong Thap University Journal of Science","issn_l":"0866-7675","issn":["0866-7675","2815-567X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210160086","host_organization_name":"Dong Thap University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160086"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Dong Thap University Journal of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ajesdthu.vn/index.php/ajes/article/download/17/20","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035974947","display_name":"Elmer Irene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-2781","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-2781"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I346765160","display_name":"Samar State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pzp6855","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I346765160"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elmer A. Irene","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Education, Samar State University, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Samar State University, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I346765160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071155736","display_name":"Ruel H. Amascual","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1345-3327","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1345-3327"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I346765160","display_name":"Samar State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pzp6855","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I346765160"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruel H. Amascual","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Industrial Technology, Samar State University, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Industrial Technology, Samar State University, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I346765160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I346765160"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56122164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"29","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.07479999959468842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14097","display_name":"Chemistry Education and Research","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-testing","display_name":"diagnostic testing","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-feedback","display_name":"formative feedback","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inorganic-chemistry","display_name":"inorganic chemistry","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preservice-science-teachers","display_name":"pre-service science teachers","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-deficits","display_name":"learning deficits","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misconceptions","display_name":"misconceptions","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-thinking-skills","display_name":"higher-order thinking skills","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load-theory","display_name":"cognitive load theory","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-change-theory","display_name":"conceptual change theory","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coordination-compounds","display_name":"metal complexes","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acids-bases-and-salts","display_name":"acids, bases and salts","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry-education","display_name":"chemistry education","score":0.5410000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.9125999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777626052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q516445","display_name":"Bachelor","level":2,"score":0.5091000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4406000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44877443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2485457","display_name":"Science education","level":2,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82157600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic test","level":2,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776933062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861413","display_name":"Mastery learning","level":2,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48164120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4491893","display_name":"Concept learning","level":2,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27177047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Systems thinking","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777004525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5757990","display_name":"Higher-order thinking","level":4,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152747807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1854913","display_name":"Summative assessment","level":3,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776893095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428888","display_name":"Faculty development","level":3,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C533356498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843894","display_name":"Critical thinking","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198446146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069229","display_name":"Chemistry education","level":3,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781329482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3823192","display_name":"Conceptual change","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22156102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341294","display_name":"Educational measurement","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92393732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790374","display_name":"Learning theory","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778568292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7727275","display_name":"The Conceptual Framework","level":3,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200287777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830115","display_name":"Concept map","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993868924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163727","display_name":"Bachelor degree","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96427005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98442705","display_name":"Learning sciences","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","pdf_url":"https://ajesdthu.vn/index.php/ajes/article/download/17/20","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211333","display_name":"Dong Thap University Journal of Science","issn_l":"0866-7675","issn":["0866-7675","2815-567X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210160086","host_organization_name":"Dong Thap University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160086"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Dong Thap University Journal of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:66a1059abffc4ef3b18a4cd643c3d570","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/66a1059abffc4ef3b18a4cd643c3d570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, Vol 1, Iss 2 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52714/dthu.ajes.17.2014","pdf_url":"https://ajesdthu.vn/index.php/ajes/article/download/17/20","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211333","display_name":"Dong Thap University Journal of Science","issn_l":"0866-7675","issn":["0866-7675","2815-567X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210160086","host_organization_name":"Dong Thap University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160086"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Dong Thap University Journal of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9901999831199646}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213313593.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213313593.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984748091","https://openalex.org/W2027853804","https://openalex.org/W2030029871","https://openalex.org/W2061935394","https://openalex.org/W2087459698","https://openalex.org/W2111762371","https://openalex.org/W2130183563","https://openalex.org/W2135995390","https://openalex.org/W2142995122","https://openalex.org/W2560140854","https://openalex.org/W2913144876","https://openalex.org/W3022320935","https://openalex.org/W3197167743","https://openalex.org/W4205413012","https://openalex.org/W4210884594","https://openalex.org/W4386171332","https://openalex.org/W4391534340","https://openalex.org/W4393385313","https://openalex.org/W4410597760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7131365068","https://openalex.org/W2999880085","https://openalex.org/W7220809432","https://openalex.org/W1985149281","https://openalex.org/W7196947563","https://openalex.org/W1586208470","https://openalex.org/W7160174980","https://openalex.org/W3162978848","https://openalex.org/W7223011105","https://openalex.org/W4414794377"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"deficiencies":[1,43],"in":[2,14,40,50,54,144,181,211],"inorganic":[3,57,130,212],"chemistry":[4,58,131],"remain":[5],"a":[6,72],"persistent":[7],"challenge":[8],"among":[9,44,239],"pre-service":[10,240],"science":[11,241],"teachers,":[12],"particularly":[13],"conceptually":[15],"demanding":[16],"topics":[17,132],"that":[18,190],"require":[19],"both":[20],"content":[21,229],"mastery":[22,230],"and":[23,37,65,85,108,111,120,150,153,184,207,231],"higher-order":[24,236],"thinking":[25,159,237],"skills":[26,160,238],"(HOTS).":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29,70,215],"assessed":[30],"the":[31,69,97,112,134,217,233],"effectiveness":[32],"of":[33,46,219,235],"integrating":[34,191],"diagnostic":[35,83,100,192],"testing":[36],"formative":[38,118,195],"feedback":[39,119,196],"addressing":[41],"learning":[42,94,109,205,209],"Bachelor":[45],"Secondary":[47],"Education":[48],"major":[49],"Science":[51],"students":[52,177],"enrolled":[53],"an":[55,86,198,223],"introductory":[56],"course.":[59],"Guided":[60],"by":[61],"Cognitive":[62],"Load":[63],"Theory":[64],"Conceptual":[66],"Change":[67],"Theory,":[68],"employed":[71],"one-group":[73],"pretest-posttest":[74],"action":[75],"research":[76],"design":[77],"involving":[78],"66":[79],"students.":[80],"A":[81],"35-item":[82],"pretest":[84],"equivalent":[87],"posttest":[88],"were":[89,102,114,142],"administered":[90],"to":[91,104,116,148,156,167],"measure":[92],"students'":[93,106],"gains.":[95],"Over":[96],"intervention,":[98],"weekly":[99],"quizzes":[101],"conducted":[103],"identify":[105],"misconceptions":[107],"difficulties,":[110],"results":[113],"used":[115],"provide":[117],"targeted":[121],"instructional":[122,225],"support.":[123],"Results":[124],"revealed":[125],"significant":[126],"improvements":[127],"across":[128],"all":[129],"following":[133],"intervention":[135],"(p":[136],"<":[137],".001).":[138],"The":[139,187,214],"largest":[140],"gains":[141,180],"observed":[143],"Coordination":[145],"Compounds":[146],"(14.24%":[147],"90.30%)":[149],"Acids,":[151],"Bases":[152],"Salts":[154],"(26.97%":[155],"93.94%).":[157],"Higher-order":[158],"also":[161],"improved":[162],"substantially,":[163],"increasing":[164],"from":[165],"5.15%":[166],"64.85%,":[168],"although":[169],"they":[170],"remained":[171],"lower":[172],"than":[173],"content-focused":[174],"areas.":[175],"Overall,":[176],"demonstrated":[178],"marked":[179],"conceptual":[182],"understanding":[183],"academic":[185],"performance.":[186],"findings":[188],"suggest":[189],"assessment":[193],"with":[194],"is":[197],"effective":[199],"strategy":[200],"for":[201,227],"identifying":[202],"misconceptions,":[203],"reducing":[204],"deficiencies,":[206],"improving":[208],"outcomes":[210],"chemistry.":[213],"highlights":[216],"value":[218],"diagnostic-feedback":[220],"cycles":[221],"as":[222],"evidence-based":[224],"approach":[226],"strengthening":[228],"supporting":[232],"development":[234],"teachers.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00"}