{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213303224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.13955","title":"Investigating Variability in Long-lived Protoplanetary Disks (>10 Myr) using NEOWISE","display_name":"Investigating Variability in Long-lived Protoplanetary Disks (>10 Myr) using NEOWISE","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213303224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.13955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.13955","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13955","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.13955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.13955","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118823307","display_name":"Gregory Mathews Ben","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140410","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati","ror":"https://ror.org/032d0e990","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140410"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben, Gregory Mathews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati , Yerpedu , Tirupati - 517619 , Andhra Pradesh , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati , Yerpedu , Tirupati - 517619 , Andhra Pradesh , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022444370","display_name":"Jessy Jose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-4404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-4404"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140410","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati","ror":"https://ror.org/032d0e990","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140410"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose, Jessy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati , Yerpedu , Tirupati - 517619 , Andhra Pradesh , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati , Yerpedu , Tirupati - 517619 , Andhra Pradesh , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151810438","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-5661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-5661"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8961855","display_name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmp8f25","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hern\u00e1ndez, Jes\u00fas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Astronom\u00eda , Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico , Apartado Postal 106 , C. P. 22800 , Ensenada , B. C. , M\u00e9xico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Astronom\u00eda , Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico , Apartado Postal 106 , C. P. 22800 , Ensenada , B. C. , M\u00e9xico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.0364999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protoplanetary-disks","display_name":"protoplanetary disks","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disk-variability","display_name":"disk variability","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disk-dispersal","display_name":"disk dispersal","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mid-infrared-variability","display_name":"mid-infrared variability","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-extinction","display_name":"variable extinction","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planetesimals","display_name":"planetesimals","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debris-disks","display_name":"debris disks","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neowise","display_name":"NEOWISE","score":0.7170000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.6944000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73411000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326555","display_name":"Debris disk","level":4,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.5515000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505781","display_name":"Protoplanetary disk","level":3,"score":0.5133000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776023875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637703","display_name":"Debris","level":2,"score":0.3747999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75876914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389824","display_name":"Planetesimal","level":3,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51244244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634","display_name":"Planet","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100905312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206717","display_name":"Planetary system","level":3,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24389824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20764","display_name":"myr","level":4,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17352008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6243","display_name":"Variable star","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.13955","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13955","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.13955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.13955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.13955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.13955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.13955","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13955","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.13955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309398","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332375","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332502","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213303224.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213303224.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407386522","https://openalex.org/W4417183100","https://openalex.org/W3195127058","https://openalex.org/W3000009186","https://openalex.org/W3188068919","https://openalex.org/W2611789420","https://openalex.org/W1930228872","https://openalex.org/W1969410634","https://openalex.org/W3008701151","https://openalex.org/W4297493275"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,37,105],"present":[1],"the":[2,24,31,50,61,78,117,131,150,162],"mid-infrared":[3,112],"variability":[4,43,73,79,115],"study":[5],"of":[6,26,56,88,138,152,156],"120":[7],"long-lived":[8,141],"disk":[9,28,71,99,142,164],"candidates":[10,143],"(ages":[11],"10-100":[12],"Myr)":[13],"and":[14,49,113],"13":[15],"confirmed":[16,126],"\"Peter":[17],"Pan\"":[18],"disks":[19],"using":[20],"NEOWISE":[21],"to":[22,60],"constrain":[23],"longevity":[25],"dynamic":[27],"processes":[29],"beyond":[30],"standard":[32],"10":[33],"Myr":[34,63],"dispersal":[35],"threshold.":[36],"identified":[38],"32":[39],"sources":[40],"exhibiting":[41],"significant":[42],"by":[44,82,102],"combining":[45],"stochastic":[46],"flux":[47],"metrics":[48],"Stetson":[51],"$J$":[52],"index.":[53],"The":[54],"majority":[55],"these":[57],"variables":[58,125,129],"belong":[59],"10-25":[62],"age":[64],"range,":[65],"suggesting":[66],"a":[67,108,136,153],"sharp":[68],"decline":[69],"in":[70,130],"brightness":[72],"after":[74],"25":[75],"Myr.":[76],"Morphologically,":[77],"is":[80],"characterized":[81],"irregular":[83],"fluctuations":[84],"with":[85,94,121],"mean":[86],"amplitudes":[87],"$\u0394W2":[89],"\\approx":[90],"0.5$":[91],"mag,":[92],"consistent":[93],"variable":[95],"extinction":[96],"or":[97],"inner":[98],"warping":[100],"induced":[101],"embedded":[103],"planetesimals.":[104],"also":[106],"report":[107],"strong":[109],"correspondence":[110],"between":[111],"optical":[114,128],"for":[116],"Peter":[118],"Pan":[119],"disks,":[120],"all":[122],"9":[123],"mid-IR":[124],"as":[127],"literature.":[132],"Our":[133],"findings":[134],"reveal":[135],"population":[137],"23":[139],"new":[140],"that":[144,158],"retain":[145],"active,":[146],"gas-rich":[147],"environments,":[148],"supporting":[149],"existence":[151],"rarefied":[154],"class":[155],"systems":[157],"survive":[159],"well":[160],"into":[161],"debris":[163],"era.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00"}