{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213259090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362895","title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation demonstrates effects on pupil responses in Parkinson\u2019s disease","display_name":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation demonstrates effects on pupil responses in Parkinson\u2019s disease","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213259090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.13.26362895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113355189","display_name":"Luisa M. Schmidt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129877168","display_name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/033n9gh91","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145151","display_name":"Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04830hf15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145151"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. M. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058451292","display_name":"Johannes Stalter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-7152","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-7152"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129877168","display_name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/033n9gh91","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145151","display_name":"Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04830hf15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145151"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Stalter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034058041","display_name":"Christiane M. Thiel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4788-4301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4788-4301"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129877168","display_name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/033n9gh91","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144375","display_name":"Hearing4all","ror":"https://ror.org/0393vzh87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144375"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. M. Thiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","Cluster of Excellence \"Hearing4all\", Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany","Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cluster of Excellence \"Hearing4all\", Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168","https://openalex.org/I4210144375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113876745","display_name":"Kathrin Janitzky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129877168","display_name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/033n9gh91","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145151","display_name":"Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04830hf15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145151"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Janitzky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145151"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052225076","display_name":"Karsten Witt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9384-3474","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9384-3474"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129877168","display_name":"Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/033n9gh91","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145151","display_name":"Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04830hf15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145151"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Witt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany","University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129877168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145151"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12580","display_name":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12580","display_name":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcutaneous-auricular-vagus-nerve-stimulation","display_name":"transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupillometry","display_name":"pupillometry","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil-dilation","display_name":"pupil dilation","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locus-coeruleus-norepinephrine-system","display_name":"locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brainstem-arousal","display_name":"brainstem arousal","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-motor-symptoms","display_name":"non-motor symptoms","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auditory-deviance","display_name":"auditory deviance","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sham-stimulation","display_name":"sham stimulation","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149288182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260673","display_name":"Pupillary response","level":3,"score":0.8554999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7760999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780087125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2062293","display_name":"Vagus nerve stimulation","level":4,"score":0.7699000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.7116000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778711042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410891","display_name":"Pupillometry","level":3,"score":0.6736999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019054092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260673","display_name":"Pupil size","level":3,"score":0.5547999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46762472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178648","display_name":"Peripheral","level":2,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.43560001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987277156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil diameter","level":3,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781404750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190140","display_name":"Vagus nerve","level":3,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551621295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228","display_name":"Brainstem","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908832724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187600","display_name":"Photic Stimulation","level":4,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51261617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260672","display_name":"Pupillary reflex","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2831999957561493}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.13.26362895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.13.26362895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601100579","https://openalex.org/W1969610953","https://openalex.org/W1997117942","https://openalex.org/W1999385317","https://openalex.org/W2008232229","https://openalex.org/W2013223495","https://openalex.org/W2015473291","https://openalex.org/W2058398268","https://openalex.org/W2064996887","https://openalex.org/W2109682741","https://openalex.org/W2112455323","https://openalex.org/W2115095583","https://openalex.org/W2117104656","https://openalex.org/W2121478186","https://openalex.org/W2135894974","https://openalex.org/W2140978740","https://openalex.org/W2148033018","https://openalex.org/W2172151487","https://openalex.org/W2210396547","https://openalex.org/W2334212492","https://openalex.org/W2551360963","https://openalex.org/W2559518379","https://openalex.org/W2758014172","https://openalex.org/W2804891530","https://openalex.org/W2887366029","https://openalex.org/W2903850289","https://openalex.org/W2912521876","https://openalex.org/W2914765137","https://openalex.org/W2966375437","https://openalex.org/W3004809941","https://openalex.org/W3015663834","https://openalex.org/W3020271498","https://openalex.org/W3088741034","https://openalex.org/W3103051791","https://openalex.org/W3134944998","https://openalex.org/W3136537968","https://openalex.org/W3137226137","https://openalex.org/W3174687433","https://openalex.org/W3178242468","https://openalex.org/W3208259794","https://openalex.org/W4206217962","https://openalex.org/W4211186612","https://openalex.org/W4286493361","https://openalex.org/W4293794846","https://openalex.org/W4372335396","https://openalex.org/W4380576452","https://openalex.org/W4381429230","https://openalex.org/W4384666001","https://openalex.org/W4385932333","https://openalex.org/W4388569074","https://openalex.org/W4389952461","https://openalex.org/W4392529129","https://openalex.org/W4392660862","https://openalex.org/W4397008190","https://openalex.org/W4400076366","https://openalex.org/W4402883227","https://openalex.org/W4403512620","https://openalex.org/W4406893724","https://openalex.org/W4408178000","https://openalex.org/W4408405199","https://openalex.org/W4413336405","https://openalex.org/W4413668603","https://openalex.org/W4414426889","https://openalex.org/W4414663880","https://openalex.org/W4417298358","https://openalex.org/W7204991492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966375437","https://openalex.org/W4390191763","https://openalex.org/W7154737038","https://openalex.org/W3210066215","https://openalex.org/W4392529129","https://openalex.org/W4385932333","https://openalex.org/W7124756186","https://openalex.org/W4313334384","https://openalex.org/W4408026165","https://openalex.org/W7117235995"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2,200],"locus":[3],"coeruleus-norepinephrine":[4],"(LC-NE)":[5],"system":[6,159],"is":[7,15,27,44],"affected":[8],"early":[9],"in":[10,123,181,197,214,228,234,245],"Parkinson\u2019s":[11],"disease":[12],"(PD)":[13],"and":[14,36,66,110,118,128,194],"associated":[16,156],"with":[17,108,157,171,183,230],"various":[18],"non-motor":[19],"symptoms.":[20],"Transcutaneous":[21],"auricular":[22],"vagus":[23],"nerve":[24],"stimulation":[25,120,179,196],"(taVNS)":[26],"a":[28,72,124,149,172,224],"promising":[29],"non-invasive":[30,73],"approach":[31],"for":[32],"improving":[33],"PD":[34,109,231],"symptoms,":[35],"it":[37],"has":[38],"been":[39],"hypothesized":[40],"that":[41],"its":[42,52],"action":[43],"linked":[45],"to":[46,143,152,209,243],"the":[47,60,86,100,103],"LC-NE":[48,64,158,219],"brainstem":[49],"system;":[50],"however,":[51],"neurophysiological":[53],"mechanisms":[54],"remain":[55],"poorly":[56],"understood.":[57],"Objective":[58],"Given":[59],"close":[61],"relationship":[62],"between":[63,192],"activity":[65,77],"pupil":[67,129,154,166,207],"dynamics,":[68],"pupillometry":[69],"may":[70],"provide":[71],"measure":[74],"of":[75,88,96,102,240],"LC-related":[76],"during":[78],"taVNS.":[79],"This":[80],"monocentric,":[81],"single-blinded,":[82],"sham-controlled":[83],"study":[84],"investigated":[85],"impact":[87],"taVNS":[89,97,163,244],"on":[90],"pupillary":[91,226],"response":[92,227],"as":[93,148],"an":[94],"indicator":[95],"effects":[98],"at":[99],"level":[101],"brainstem.":[104],"Methods":[105],"Twenty-one":[106],"patients":[107,182],"18":[111],"age-matched":[112],"healthy":[113,198,235],"controls":[114],"were":[115,121],"included.":[116],"Real":[117,162],"sham":[119,169,195],"applied":[122],"randomized":[125],"cross-over":[126],"design,":[127],"size":[130],"was":[131,146,190],"continuously":[132],"recorded.":[133],"A":[134],"local-global":[135,201],"auditory":[136,144,202],"processing":[137,203],"task,":[138],"which":[139],"elicits":[140],"arousal-related":[141],"responses":[142,208],"irregularities,":[145],"incorporated":[147],"control":[150],"condition":[151],"evaluate":[153],"responsiveness":[155,242],"activity.":[160],"Results":[161],"elicited":[164,205,223],"greater":[165],"dilation":[167],"than":[168,211],"stimulation,":[170],"significant":[173,188,225],"effect":[174],"emerging":[175],"2710\u20133640":[176],"ms":[177],"after":[178],"onset":[180],"PD.":[184,246],"In":[185],"contrast,":[186],"no":[187],"difference":[189],"found":[191],"real":[193],"controls.":[199],"task":[204],"larger":[206],"deviant":[210],"non-deviant":[212],"stimuli":[213],"both":[215],"groups,":[216],"indicating":[217],"intact":[218],"reactivity.":[220],"Conclusion":[221],"TaVNS":[222],"individuals":[229],"but":[232],"not":[233],"older":[236],"adults,":[237],"providing":[238],"evidence":[239],"physiological":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00"}
