{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213248443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.13839","title":"What Output-Equivalence Oracles Miss: An Empirical Study of Equivalence-Invisible Bug Fixes in Quantum Transpilers","display_name":"What Output-Equivalence Oracles Miss: An Empirical Study of Equivalence-Invisible Bug Fixes in Quantum Transpilers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213248443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.13839"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.13839","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13839","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.13839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.13839","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069039906","display_name":"Furqan Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5259-3448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5259-3448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir, Furqan","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u1d43 City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT) , Peshawar , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u1d43 City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT) , Peshawar , Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151778519","display_name":"Arif Shah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132053282","display_name":"City University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsdya97","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shah, Arif","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u1d43 City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT) , Peshawar , Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u1d43 City University of Science and Information Technology (CUSIT) , Peshawar , Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132053282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027551807","display_name":"Iftikhar Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-5485","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-5485"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alam, Iftikhar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.45019999146461487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.45019999146461487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.2800000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.2363000065088272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-oracle-problem","display_name":"oracle problem","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bug-fixing","display_name":"bug fixes","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qiskit","display_name":"Qiskit","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cirq","display_name":"Cirq","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit-permutation","display_name":"qubit permutation","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-phase","display_name":"global phase","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler-correctness","display_name":"compiler correctness","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-software-testing","display_name":"quantum software testing","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-repository-mining","display_name":"software repository mining","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54732982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415345","display_name":"Modulo","level":2,"score":0.6671000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6223000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5924999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.5922999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67820243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179164","display_name":"Unitary state","level":2,"score":0.5583000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777044963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384707","display_name":"Equivalence class (music)","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.13839","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13839","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.13839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.13839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.13839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.13839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.13839","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13839","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.13839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213248443.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7213248443.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026926213","https://openalex.org/W2170737051","https://openalex.org/W2461570336","https://openalex.org/W2911450990","https://openalex.org/W3108983691","https://openalex.org/W3208388786","https://openalex.org/W4205868343","https://openalex.org/W4205876794","https://openalex.org/W4288760342","https://openalex.org/W4366393666","https://openalex.org/W4384302737","https://openalex.org/W4391848664","https://openalex.org/W4396986598","https://openalex.org/W4400582509","https://openalex.org/W7117976650","https://openalex.org/W7124141708","https://openalex.org/W7154622161","https://openalex.org/W7210285165","https://openalex.org/W7215059494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214129289","https://openalex.org/W4403136253","https://openalex.org/W7219155429","https://openalex.org/W7222852266","https://openalex.org/W7208744745","https://openalex.org/W7165168194","https://openalex.org/W7213393596","https://openalex.org/W7166054094","https://openalex.org/W7117606821","https://openalex.org/W7202216214"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"compilers":[1],"face":[2],"the":[3,12,17,21,40,61,140,158,177,211,223,232],"test":[4],"oracle":[5],"problem,":[6],"judged":[7],"by":[8,32,97],"an":[9,98,130],"output-equivalence":[10],"oracle:":[11],"compiled":[13],"circuit":[14],"must":[15],"compute":[16],"same":[18,141],"unitary":[19],"as":[20],"original,":[22],"modulo":[23],"global":[24],"phase":[25,46],"and":[26,126,129,235],"a":[27,48,53,88,135,144],"qubit-layout":[28],"permutation.":[29],"This":[30,65,220],"oracle,":[31],"construction,":[33],"checks":[34],"only":[35,245],"that":[36],"semantic":[37],"map,":[38],"not":[39,183],"circuit's":[41],"own":[42],"layout,":[43],"permutation,":[44],"or":[45,51,166],"records:":[47],"defect":[49],"there,":[50],"in":[52,83,187],"fixed-seed":[54],"run's":[55],"determinism,":[56],"can":[57],"pass":[58],"unseen":[59],"though":[60],"record":[62],"is":[63,182],"public.":[64],"empirical":[66],"software":[67,240],"engineering":[68],"study":[69],"of":[70,92,105,170],"quantum":[71,239],"transpiler":[72,94],"correctness":[73],"uses":[74],"repository":[75],"mining":[76],"to":[77,116,157],"measure":[78,246],"how":[79],"often":[80],"this":[81,117],"happens":[82],"real":[84],"merged":[85],"compiler":[86],"fixes:":[87],"systematically":[89],"identified":[90],"corpus":[91,133,214],"Qiskit":[93],"bug-fixes,":[95],"classified":[96],"independently":[99],"dual-coded,":[100],"source-validated":[101],"fault-manifestation":[102],"taxonomy.":[103],"Nineteen":[104],"68":[106,171],"fixes":[107,172],"(28%,":[108],"95%":[109],"Wilson":[110],"CI":[111,149,174],"19-40%)":[112],"repair":[113],"faults":[114],"invisible":[115,224],"equivalence":[118],"screen,":[119],"even":[120,155],"one":[121,159],"augmented":[122],"with":[123,143,191],"compilation-validity,":[124],"circuit-quality,":[125],"performance":[127],"checks,":[128],"extended":[131,212],"104-fix":[132],"over":[134],"wider":[136],"window":[137],"holds":[138],"at":[139,227],"rate":[142],"tighter":[145],"interval":[146,217],"(29/104,":[147],"27.9%,":[148],"20-37%).":[150],"A":[151],"conservative":[152],"floor":[153],"remains":[154],"restricted":[156],"unconditionally":[160],"equivalence-invisible":[161],"channel":[162],"(a":[163],"corrupted":[164],"layout":[165],"permutation":[167],"record):":[168],"10":[169],"(15%,":[173],"8-25%)":[175],"beneath":[176],"28%":[178],"headline.":[179],"The":[180],"gap":[181],"Qiskit-specific:":[184],"it":[185],"replicates":[186],"tket":[188],"(7/21,":[189],"33%),":[190],"Cirq":[192],"smaller":[193],"but":[194],"consistent.":[195],"We":[196,230],"detected":[197],"no":[198],"systematic":[199],"differences":[200],"on":[201],"five":[202],"inexpensive":[203],"PR-level":[204],"characteristics":[205],"(19":[206],"vs":[207],"49,":[208],"underpowered":[209],"alone;":[210],"29-vs-75":[213],"tightens":[215],"every":[216],"toward":[218],"zero).":[219],"class":[221],"dominates":[222],"set,":[225],"concentrating":[226],"representation-boundary":[228],"crossings.":[229],"release":[231],"corpus,":[233],"codebook,":[234],"coding":[236],"artifacts":[237],"for":[238],"testing":[241],"research.":[242],"Here":[243],"we":[244],"it.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00"}