{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7213243744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085","title":"Decentralized Biorefinery for Energy Recovery From Mixed Municipal Solid Waste: Life Cycle and Techno\u2010Economic Assessment","display_name":"Decentralized Biorefinery for Energy Recovery From Mixed Municipal Solid Waste: Life Cycle and Techno\u2010Economic Assessment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7213243744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/er/8687085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151776890","display_name":"Kainat Ramzan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kainat Ramzan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139756987","display_name":"Mehak Saghir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0286-0313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0286-0313"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehak Saghir","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0286-0313","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079965750","display_name":"Muhammad Abdul Qyyum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-5209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-5209"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abdul Qyyum","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-5209","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115524078","display_name":"Seemal Naeem","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seemal Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005929259","display_name":"Abdul\u2010Sattar Nizami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-9256","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-9256"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul-Sattar Nizami","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-9256","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023392073","display_name":"Asif Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7696-1129","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7696-1129"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asif Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7696-1129","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151747181","display_name":"Muhammad Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9597-2473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9597-2473"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9597-2473","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036754603","display_name":"Mohammad Rehan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-8677","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-8677","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5384-6766"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Rehan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-8677","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10284","display_name":"Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11275","display_name":"Composting and Vermicomposting Techniques","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-municipal-solid-waste","display_name":"mixed municipal solid waste","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-recovery","display_name":"energy recovery","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anaerobic-digestion","display_name":"anaerobic digestion","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composting","display_name":"composting","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermochemical-conversion","display_name":"thermochemical conversion","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/material-recovery","display_name":"material recovery","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methane-emissions","display_name":"methane emissions","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/techno-economic-analysis","display_name":"techno-economic analysis","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-economy","display_name":"circular economy","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lahore","display_name":"Lahore","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"waste management","score":0.5879999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780301381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864683","display_name":"Biorefinery","level":3,"score":0.7592999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.6873999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75779659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18538","display_name":"Municipal solid waste","level":2,"score":0.6331999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141675481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3588981","display_name":"Energy recovery","level":3,"score":0.6324999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.6152999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C499616599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555853","display_name":"Anaerobic digestion","level":3,"score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32571094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191614","display_name":"Landfill gas","level":3,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777569206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315837","display_name":"Resource recovery","level":3,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75212476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171076","display_name":"Biogas","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144553756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15081665","display_name":"Payback period","level":3,"score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777448596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497743","display_name":"Circular economy","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171534860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655870","display_name":"Environmentally friendly","level":2,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161542896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11247037","display_name":"Ton","level":2,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778580826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6545089","display_name":"Life-cycle cost analysis","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113146524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663290","display_name":"Exergy","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143517461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571","display_name":"Renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200630231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1099428","display_name":"Cleaner production","level":3,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76758496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191118","display_name":"Tonne","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70401792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2323664","display_name":"Industrial ecology","level":3,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509746633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898653","display_name":"Climate change mitigation","level":3,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020383963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste disposal","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982719155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25584060","display_name":"Energy source","level":3,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65545243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056304","display_name":"Waste treatment","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184235594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288706","display_name":"Waste heat","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.2639000117778778}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/er/8687085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/er/8687085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8687085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.9786999821662903},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.878000020980835},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7646999955177307},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144943352","https://openalex.org/W2340972631","https://openalex.org/W2407197418","https://openalex.org/W2564630286","https://openalex.org/W2616632806","https://openalex.org/W2922321358","https://openalex.org/W2982734079","https://openalex.org/W3078681819","https://openalex.org/W3173822973","https://openalex.org/W3217151214","https://openalex.org/W4210635514","https://openalex.org/W4220681187","https://openalex.org/W4283208244","https://openalex.org/W4311544919","https://openalex.org/W4315647326","https://openalex.org/W4322760596","https://openalex.org/W4323664179","https://openalex.org/W4327963014","https://openalex.org/W4381804970","https://openalex.org/W4386074834","https://openalex.org/W4386484276","https://openalex.org/W4388294094","https://openalex.org/W4390612507","https://openalex.org/W4391318337","https://openalex.org/W4392866979","https://openalex.org/W4394726952","https://openalex.org/W4399145043","https://openalex.org/W4399162771","https://openalex.org/W4399721900","https://openalex.org/W4401418224","https://openalex.org/W4402038392","https://openalex.org/W4406035472","https://openalex.org/W4407911275","https://openalex.org/W4412151020","https://openalex.org/W4415624429","https://openalex.org/W7165524014","https://openalex.org/W7167329865"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3200016693","https://openalex.org/W4392866979","https://openalex.org/W6902966134","https://openalex.org/W4413858031","https://openalex.org/W4417288781","https://openalex.org/W7114914487","https://openalex.org/W2418351366","https://openalex.org/W4401665347","https://openalex.org/W4398164520","https://openalex.org/W2982174154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,19,57,102,181],"rapid":[1],"urban":[2],"expansion":[3],"and":[4,67,74,80,116,135,173,204,222,226,232],"economic":[5],"development":[6],"have":[7],"resulted":[8],"in":[9,13,31,54],"an":[10,149,156,165,191],"unprecedented":[11],"increase":[12,26],"municipal":[14],"solid":[15],"waste":[16,198],"(MSW)":[17],"generation.":[18],"global":[20],"MSW":[21,53,188],"generation":[22],"is":[23,130,138],"expected":[24],"to":[25,33,71,95,132,147,195],"from":[27,77],"2.1":[28],"billion":[29,35],"tons":[30,36],"2023":[32],"~3.8":[34],"by":[37],"2050.":[38],"This":[39,163],"study":[40],"focuses":[41],"on":[42],"designing":[43],"a":[44,87,97,174,218],"decentralized":[45,110,142,187],"biorefinery":[46,111],"model":[47],"for":[48],"the":[49,109,127,145,184,209],"treatment":[50],"of":[51,90,104,126,152,159,168,177,186],"mixed":[52],"Lahore,":[55],"Pakistan.":[56],"proposed":[58],"system":[59],"involves":[60],"material":[61],"recovery,":[62],"anaerobic":[63],"digestion":[64],"(AD),":[65],"composting,":[66],"thermochemical":[68],"conversion":[69],"processes":[70],"recover":[72],"energy":[73,206,225],"valuable":[75],"products":[76],"waste.":[78],"GaBi":[79],"ReCiPe":[81],"2016":[82],"Midpoint":[83],"(H)":[84],"method":[85],"with":[86],"functional":[88],"unit":[89,143,172],"1":[91],"ton":[92],"was":[93],"used":[94],"conduct":[96],"life":[98],"cycle":[99],"assessment":[100],"(LCA).":[101],"results":[103],"this":[105,212],"analysis":[106,121],"indicate":[107],"that":[108,123,140],"substantially":[112],"reduces":[113],"landfill":[114,133],"dependence":[115],"associated":[117],"methane":[118],"emissions.":[119],"Hotspot":[120],"revealed":[122],"around":[124],"70%":[125],"environmental":[128],"burden":[129],"due":[131],"disposal":[134],"transportation.":[136],"It":[137],"estimated":[139],"each":[141],"has":[144],"potential":[146,185],"generate":[148],"annual":[150],"revenue":[151],"USD":[153,160,169],"51,831":[154],"against":[155],"operating":[157],"cost":[158],"41,268":[161],"annually.":[162],"means":[164],"approximate":[166],"profit":[167],"10,563":[170],"per":[171],"payback":[175],"period":[176],"about":[178],"3":[179],"years.":[180],"research":[182],"highlights":[183],"biorefineries":[189],"as":[190],"environmentally":[192],"friendly":[193],"alternative":[194],"Lahore\u2019s":[196],"traditional":[197],"management":[199],"system.":[200],"Introducing":[201],"resource":[202],"recovery":[203],"renewable":[205,224],"production":[207],"at":[208],"local":[210],"scale,":[211],"approach":[213],"facilitates":[214],"Pakistan\u2019s":[215],"path":[216],"toward":[217],"low\u2010carbon":[219],"circular":[220],"economy":[221],"national":[223],"climate":[227],"ambitions":[228],"(SDGs":[229],"7,":[230],"12,":[231],"13).":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00"}