{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212812673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.11986","title":"Unlabeled Echoes: Pseudo-Labels and Genus-Aware Smoothing for Bat Call Recognition","display_name":"Unlabeled Echoes: Pseudo-Labels and Genus-Aware Smoothing for Bat Call Recognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212812673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.11986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.11986","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11986","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11986","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092859161","display_name":"Frank Fundel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fundel, Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016614991","display_name":"Alexandra Howard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6121-4438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6121-4438","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-2078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard, Alexandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Free State , Department of Zoology and Entomology , Qwaqwa Campus , South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Free State , Department of Zoology and Entomology , Qwaqwa Campus , South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11228","display_name":"Bat Biology and Ecology Studies","score":0.5371000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11228","display_name":"Bat Biology and Ecology Studies","score":0.5371000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.37869998812675476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.052299998700618744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudo-labeling","display_name":"pseudo-labeling","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"semi-supervised learning","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-acoustic-monitoring","display_name":"passive acoustic monitoring","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-identification","display_name":"species identification","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-learning","display_name":"transfer learning","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wildlife-acoustic-monitoring","display_name":"wildlife acoustic monitoring","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation-cost","display_name":"annotation cost","score":0.3019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5817999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992428333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11461","display_name":"Sound production","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21080849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13611879","display_name":"Data point","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71640776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16521","display_name":"Taxon","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.11986","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11986","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.11986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.11986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.11986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.11986","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11986","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212812673.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212812673.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014562034","https://openalex.org/W2109904102","https://openalex.org/W2115796660","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2601668996","https://openalex.org/W2604349852","https://openalex.org/W2605840304","https://openalex.org/W2922355292","https://openalex.org/W3035160371","https://openalex.org/W3121931845","https://openalex.org/W3135828102","https://openalex.org/W3206996142","https://openalex.org/W4214673031","https://openalex.org/W4226051760","https://openalex.org/W4313314294","https://openalex.org/W4372262734","https://openalex.org/W4372266830","https://openalex.org/W4390060493","https://openalex.org/W4403747491","https://openalex.org/W4415800733","https://openalex.org/W6929397314","https://openalex.org/W7133199750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7203929122","https://openalex.org/W6887894636","https://openalex.org/W4309907954","https://openalex.org/W2129585530","https://openalex.org/W2154446271","https://openalex.org/W2046022732","https://openalex.org/W4213038790","https://openalex.org/W4410220896","https://openalex.org/W2012698506","https://openalex.org/W4386693630"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passive":[0],"acoustic":[1],"monitoring":[2],"produces":[3],"far":[4],"more":[5],"bat":[6,56],"recordings":[7],"than":[8],"experts":[9],"can":[10],"label.":[11],"We":[12,24,102],"show":[13],"that":[14],"simple":[15],"model-generated":[16],"pseudo-labels":[17,130],"turn":[18],"this":[19,136],"surplus":[20],"into":[21],"effective":[22,134],"supervision.":[23,82],"compare":[25],"pseudo-labeling":[26],"with":[27,88,116],"other":[28,65],"semi-supervised":[29,66],"learning":[30,67],"methods":[31,68],"on":[32,69],"an":[33],"18-species":[34],"European":[35,71],"corpus":[36],"using":[37],"only":[38],"10%":[39],"of":[40,77,90],"its":[41],"training":[42],"labels,":[43],"then":[44],"transfer":[45],"the":[46,64,78],"strongest":[47],"approaches":[48],"to":[49,75,80,85],"South":[50],"African":[51],"field":[52,86],"audio":[53,87],"containing":[54],"nine":[55],"taxa":[57],"and":[58,96],"a":[59],"nuisance":[60],"class.":[61],"Pseudo-labeling":[62],"outperforms":[63],"every":[70],"measure,":[72],"recovering":[73],"up":[74],"61.5%":[76],"gap":[79],"full":[81],"It":[83],"transfers":[84],"gains":[89],"10.69":[91],"points":[92,98,125],"in":[93,99],"species":[94,100,122],"accuracy":[95],"4.96":[97],"macro-F1.":[101],"also":[103],"introduce":[104],"genus-aware":[105,141],"smoothing,":[106,118],"which":[107],"directs":[108],"uncertain":[109],"target":[110],"mass":[111],"toward":[112],"congeneric":[113],"species.":[114],"Combined":[115],"uniform":[117],"it":[119],"reaches":[120],"79.16":[121],"macro-F1,":[123],"4.73":[124],"above":[126],"hard":[127],"targets.":[128],"Simple":[129],"are":[131],"therefore":[132],"highly":[133],"at":[135,147],"ecological":[137],"data":[138],"scale,":[139],"while":[140],"targets":[142],"inject":[143],"useful":[144],"biological":[145],"structure":[146],"no":[148],"annotation":[149],"cost.":[150],"https://code4conservation.github.io/UnlabeledEchoes/":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-15T00:00:00"}