{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212683380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978","title":"ORBITAL SOVEREIGNTY, DUAL-USE SATELLITES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: Dual use, critical infrastructure, strategic dependence and international responsibility in outer space","display_name":"ORBITAL SOVEREIGNTY, DUAL-USE SATELLITES AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: Dual use, critical infrastructure, strategic dependence and international responsibility in outer space","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212683380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7462978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135764998","display_name":"Silvio Moreira Alves J\u00fanior","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-9301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-9301"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72872986","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Pampa","ror":"https://ror.org/003qt4p19","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72872986"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79889768","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Alagoas","ror":"https://ror.org/00dna7t83","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79889768"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Silvio Moreira Alves J\u00fanior","raw_affiliation_strings":["MUST University, Deerfield Beach, FL, United States","Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/N, Campus A. C. Sim\u00f5es, Tabuleiro do Martins, Macei\u00f3, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil","Universidade Federal do Pampa, Rua Ver. Alberto Benevenuto, 3200, S\u00e3o Borja, RS 96413-170, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-9301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MUST University, Deerfield Beach, FL, United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, S/N, Campus A. C. Sim\u00f5es, Tabuleiro do Martins, Macei\u00f3, Alagoas 57072-970, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79889768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal do Pampa, Rua Ver. Alberto Benevenuto, 3200, S\u00e3o Borja, RS 96413-170, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72872986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135764998"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72872986","https://openalex.org/I79889768"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-space-law","display_name":"international space law","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"critical infrastructure","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-dependence","display_name":"strategic dependence","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-responsibility","display_name":"state responsibility","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-liability","display_name":"space liability","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-use-of-space","display_name":"military space","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality","display_name":"proportionality","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-objectives","display_name":"military objectives","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-humanitarian-law","display_name":"international humanitarian law","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-nations-charter","display_name":"UN Charter","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prohibition-of-the-use-of-force","display_name":"prohibition of the use of force","score":0.8130000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74248516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4169","display_name":"Outer space","level":3,"score":0.6844000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.6471999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.5932000279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.548799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779753035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434707","display_name":"Space law","level":4,"score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776729102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971119","display_name":"Use of force","level":3,"score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520752033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25271","display_name":"International Space Station","level":2,"score":0.4587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778573023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381148","display_name":"International humanitarian law","level":3,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778042224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163552","display_name":"State responsibility","level":3,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165341840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3624078","display_name":"Sovereign state","level":4,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67820243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179164","display_name":"Unitary state","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185436325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"Public international law","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18949120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275450","display_name":"Space debris","level":3,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149086130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1115753","display_name":"Committee on Space Research","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509929229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312693","display_name":"International security","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557252395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1889","display_name":"Diplomacy","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7462978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"doi:10.31219/osf.io/8a7ct_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/8a7ct_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/8a7ct_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22741227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22741227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22741227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22741228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22741228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22741228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7462978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7462978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7212826484","https://openalex.org/W4414829518","https://openalex.org/W2980099603","https://openalex.org/W7223380512","https://openalex.org/W7202178805","https://openalex.org/W7214923953","https://openalex.org/W4294723570","https://openalex.org/W7203775699","https://openalex.org/W4396941188","https://openalex.org/W7151380523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,131],"proposes":[2],"orbital":[3,83,166],"sovereignty":[4],"as":[5,170],"a":[6,143,171],"functional":[7],"category":[8],"for":[9,135,150,164],"understanding":[10],"terrestrial":[11],"dependence":[12],"onspace":[13],"systems":[14],"without":[15],"turning":[16],"outer":[17],"space":[18,47,137,154],"into":[19],"appropriable":[20],"territory.":[21],"The":[22,43,130],"central":[23],"problem":[24],"concerns":[25],"dual-usesatellites,":[26],"which":[27],"may":[28],"provide":[29],"essential":[30],"civilian":[31],"services":[32],"while":[33,175],"simultaneously":[34],"supporting":[35],"militarycommunications,":[36],"intelligence,":[37],"navigation,":[38],"remote":[39],"sensing":[40],"and":[41,61,89,110,121,145,168],"targeting.":[42],"study":[44],"brings":[45],"togetherinternational":[46],"law,":[48,55],"the":[49,62,69,79,104,122,146],"United":[50],"Nations":[51],"Charter,":[52],"international":[53],"humanitarian":[54],"State":[56,117,144],"responsibility,":[57],"thespace":[58],"liability":[59,148],"regime":[60,149],"Theory":[63],"of":[64,72,82,126,139,178],"Dynamic":[65],"Adaptive":[66],"Warfare":[67],"(TDAW),":[68],"English":[70],"rendering":[71],"theauthor's":[73],"TGDA":[74],"framework.":[75],"It":[76],"argues":[77],"that":[78],"legal":[80],"characterization":[81],"interference":[84],"must":[85],"be":[86],"contextualand":[87],"function-":[88],"effects-based.":[90],"During":[91],"armed":[92],"conflict,":[93,113],"military":[94,107],"use":[95],"does":[96],"not":[97],"automatically":[98],"erase":[99],"civilianfunctions":[100],"or":[101],"dispense":[102],"with":[103],"rules":[105,120],"governing":[106],"objectives,":[108],"proportionality":[109],"precautions.":[111],"Outsidearmed":[112],"due":[114],"regard,":[115],"continuing":[116],"supervision,":[118],"radiocommunication":[119],"prohibition":[123],"on":[124],"theuse":[125],"force":[127],"remain":[128],"relevant.":[129],"further":[132],"distinguishes":[133],"responsibility":[134],"national":[136],"activities,attribution":[138],"private":[140],"conduct":[141],"to":[142],"specific":[147],"damage":[151],"caused":[152],"by":[153],"objects.As":[155],"an":[156,161],"original":[157],"contribution,":[158],"it":[159],"presents":[160],"eleven-factor":[162],"matrix":[163],"dual-use":[165],"infrastructure":[167],"usesTDAW":[169],"complementary":[172],"strategic":[173],"framework":[174],"keeping":[176],"probability":[177],"action":[179],"distinct":[180],"from":[181],"legalpermissibility.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2026-09-15T00:00:00"}