{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7212583160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","title":"Transcranial Random Aperiodic Stimulation Improves Working Memory Precision","display_name":"Transcranial Random Aperiodic Stimulation Improves Working Memory Precision","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7212583160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42779770","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13596167"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/14/2026.09.08.750163.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/14/2026.09.08.750163.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056477286","display_name":"Quirine van Engen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-211X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-211X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quirine van Engen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-211X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059820569","display_name":"Justin Riddle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2251-3643","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2251-3643"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Riddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Florida State University","Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2251-3643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Florida State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027393992","display_name":"Bradley Voytek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-2525","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-2525"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley Voytek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego","Hal\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego","Kavli institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego","Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-2525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hal\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kavli institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056477286"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.04529999941587448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperiodic-neural-activity","display_name":"aperiodic neural activity","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-working-memory","display_name":"visual working memory","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory-precision","display_name":"working memory precision","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-brain-stimulation","display_name":"non-invasive brain stimulation","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-oscillations","display_name":"neural oscillations","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.4880000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104247578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779368","display_name":"Aperiodic graph","level":2,"score":0.9469000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776443511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1724687","display_name":"Neurostimulation","level":3,"score":0.7717999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.5034000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778581513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263962","display_name":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation","level":3,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90987802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138877","display_name":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation","level":4,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178278151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936607","display_name":"Visual memory","level":3,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777222312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726562","display_name":"Neocortex","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/14/2026.09.08.750163.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42779770","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42779770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13596167","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13596167/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.08.750163","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/14/2026.09.08.750163.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309170","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332603","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212583160.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7212583160.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7124846001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7126361480","https://openalex.org/W7112204054","https://openalex.org/W4292641167","https://openalex.org/W4393234681","https://openalex.org/W3041058752","https://openalex.org/W4407933342","https://openalex.org/W2937386439","https://openalex.org/W7124846001","https://openalex.org/W3204812599","https://openalex.org/W4390658836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aperiodic":[0],"neural":[1,13,45],"activity":[2,28,46,72,103,120],"-":[3,8,61,67],"historically":[4],"dismissed":[5],"as":[6],"noise":[7],"is":[9,29,104],"independently":[10],"modulated":[11],"from":[12],"oscillations":[14],"during":[15],"visual":[16,33,48,97],"working":[17,34,49,98],"memory":[18,35,50,99],"maintenance.":[19],"In":[20,79],"the":[21,41,112],"context":[22],"of":[23,43,117],"aging,":[24,124],"\"flatter\"":[25],"trait":[26],"aperiodic":[27,44,64,71,102,119],"associated":[30],"with":[31],"poorer":[32],"performance.":[36],"Here,":[37],"we":[38,90],"causally":[39,69,105],"test":[40],"role":[42],"in":[47,51,121],"younger":[52],"adults.":[53],"We":[54],"introduce":[55],"a":[56,80],"novel":[57,108],"noninvasive":[58,94],"neurostimulation":[59,85],"method":[60,110],"transcranial":[62],"random":[63],"stimulation":[65,109],"(tRAS)":[66],"to":[68,73],"manipulate":[70],"be":[74],"either":[75],"steeper":[76],"or":[77],"flatter.":[78],"randomized,":[81],"double-blind,":[82],"placebo-controlled,":[83],"crossover":[84],"design":[86],"(n":[87],"=":[88],"30),":[89],"show":[91],"that":[92],"online":[93],"tRAS":[95],"improves":[96],"precision":[100],"when":[101],"steepened.":[106],"Our":[107],"paves":[111],"way":[113],"for":[114],"causal":[115],"studies":[116],"non-oscillatory,":[118],"human":[122],"cognition,":[123],"and":[125],"disease.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-15T00:00:00"}
